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Harsunan Kra-Dai

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Harsunan Kra-Dai
Linguistic classification

Harsunan Kra-Dai (/ˈkrɑː.daɪ/ KRAH-dy), wanda aka fi sani da Tai-Kadai (/ˈtaɪ.kəˌdaɪ/ TIE-kə-DYE) da Daic (/ˈdaɪ.ɪk/ DYE-ik), iyali ne na harshe a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kudancin China, da arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Dukkanin harsuna a cikin iyali suna da sautin, gami da Thai da Lao, harsunan ƙasa na Thailand da Laos, bi da bi.[1] Kimanin mutane miliyan 93 suna magana da yarukan Kra-Dai; 60% daga cikin wadanda ke magana da Thai.[2] Ethnologue ya lissafa harsuna 95 a cikin iyali, tare da 62 daga cikin waɗannan suna cikin reshen Tai.[3]

Sunayen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Weera Ostapirat (2000) ne ya gabatar da sunan "Kra-Dai", kamar yadda Kra da Dai sune sunayen da aka sake gina su na rassan Kra da Tai, bi da bi. "Kra-Dai" tun daga lokacin da yawancin kwararru ke aiki a kan ilimin harshe na kudu maso gabashin Asiya suka yi amfani da shi, gami da Norquest (2007), Pittayaporn (2009), Baxter & Sagart (2014), da Enfield & Comrie (2015). [3]

An yi amfani da sunan "Tai-Kadai" a cikin tsoffin nassoshi kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin Ethnologue da Glottolog, amma Ostapirat (2000) da wasu sun nuna cewa yana da matsala da rikitarwa, suna fifita sunan "Kra-Dai" maimakon haka. "Tai-Kadai" ya fito ne daga rabuwar iyali zuwa rassan biyu, Tai da Kadai, wanda Paul K. Benedict ya fara gabatar da shi (1942). [4] A shekara ta 1942, Benedict ya sanya harsunan Kra guda uku ( Gelao, Laqua ( Qabiao ), da Lachi ) tare da Hlai a cikin wata ƙungiya da ya kira "Kadai", daga ka, ma'ana "mutum" a cikin Gelao da Laqua da dai, wani nau'i na sunan Hlai. [4] Ƙungiyar "Kadai" ta Benedict (1942) ta dogara ne akan lurarsa cewa harsunan Kra da Hlai suna da lambobi irin na Austronesian . Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwa yanzu an ƙi ta a duk duniya a matsayin wacce ta tsufa bayan Ostapirat (2000) ya nuna haɗin kan reshen Kra, wanda ba ya yin rukuni-rukuni da reshen Hlai kamar yadda Benedict (1942) ya gabatar. Wani lokaci ana amfani da "Kadai" don nufin dukkan dangin Kra-Dai, gami da Solnit (1988). Ƙari ga rudani, wasu nassoshi ya takaita amfani da "Kadai" ga reshen iyali na Kra kawai.

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hanyar ƙaura ta Mutanen Kra-Dai daga asalin ƙasar ta Taiwan ta hanyar China zuwa Mainland kudu maso gabashin Asiya, bisa ga Matthias Gerner's "Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis".

James R. Chamberlain (2016) ya ba da shawarar cewa an kafa dangin yaren Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) tun daga ƙarni na 12 KZ a tsakiyar kwandon Yangtze, daidai da kafa mulkin Chufdom da farkon Daular Zhou. Babban bambancin harsunan Kra-Dai a kudancin kasar Sin, musamman a Guizhou da Hainan, yana nuna cewa asalin dangin yaren Kra-Dei ne, wanda ya kafa al'ummomin da daga baya suka zama Thailand da Laos a cikin abin da ya kasance yankin Austroasiatic. Binciken kwayoyin halitta da harshe sun nuna daidaito mai yawa tsakanin mutanen da ke magana da Kra-Dai a Thailand.[5]

Kodayake matsayin Kra-Dai dangane da Austronesian har yanzu ana jayayya, wasu suna ba da shawarar cewa Kra-Dei da Austronesian suna da alaƙa da kwayar halitta. Weera Ostapirat (2005) ya tsara jerin takardun sauti na yau da kullun tsakanin su, yana ɗaukar samfurin rabuwa ta farko tsakanin su biyu; sannan za su zama rassan daidaitawa.[6] Ostapirat (2013) ya ci gaba da kula da cewa Kra-Dai da Austronesian iyalan yaren 'yar'uwa ne, bisa ga wasu takardun sauti.[7] A gefe guda, Laurent Sagart (2008) ya ba da shawarar cewa Kra-Dai wani nau'i ne na baya na abin da ya kira "FATK" (Formosan Kakannin Tai-Kadai) reshe ne na Austronesian na ƙungiyar "Puluqic", wanda aka haɓaka a Taiwan, wanda masu magana da shi suka yi ƙaura zuwa ƙasar, zuwa Guangdong, Hainan, da arewacin Vietnam, a kusa da rabi na biyu na karni na uku. KZ.[8] Bayan isowarsu a wannan yankin, sun sami hulɗar harshe tare da yawan mutanen da ba a sani ba, wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin ƙamus na FATK.[8] Erica Brindley (2015) ta goyi bayan ra'ayin Sagart, tana jayayya cewa tarihin Kra-Dai daban-daban na ƙaura zuwa ƙasar (kamar yadda ya saba da Philippines don Proto-Austronesian) da kuma fadada hulɗa tare da masu magana da Austro-Asiatic da Sinitic zai sa dangantakar ta bayyana da nisa. Ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa kasancewar ƙamus na Austronesian kawai a cikin Kra-Dai ya sa wannan yanayin sakewa ya fi dacewa.[9]

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Diller, Anthony, Jerry Edmondson, Yongxian Luo. (2008). The Tai–Kadai Languages. London [etc.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5
  2. ↑ "Taikadai". www.languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  3. ↑ "Ethnologue Tai–Kadai family tree".
  4. 1 2 Benedict, Paul K. (1942). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A New Alignment in Southeastern Asia". American Anthropologist. 44 (4): 576–601. doi:10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00040. JSTOR 663309.
  5. ↑ Srithawong, Suparat; Srikummool, Metawee; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Ghirotto, Silvia; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Sun, Jie; Eisenberg, Arthur; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Kutanan, Wibhu (July 2015). "Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra-Dai-speaking groups in Thailand". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (7): 371–380. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32. ISSN 1435-232X. PMID 25833471. S2CID 21509343.
  6. ↑ Blench 2017.
  7. ↑ Ostapirat 2013.
  8. 1 2 Sagart 2008.
  9. ↑ Brindley 2015.
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