Harsunan Maya

Harsunan Maya
Linguistic classification	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Mesoamerican languages (en) Harsunan Maya
ISO 639-2 / 5	myn
Glottolog	maya1287

Harsunan Maya[bayanin 1] sun samar da dangin harshe da ake magana a Mesoamerica, a kudancin Mexico da arewacin Amurka ta tsakiya. Akalla mutane miliyan shida na Maya suna magana da harsunan Mayan, da farko a Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, El Salvador da Honduras. A cikin 1996, Guatemala ta amince da harsunan Mayan 21 da suna, kuma Mexico ta amince da takwas a cikin yankinta.

Iyalin yaren Mayan yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubuce-rubuce kuma an fi nazarin su a Amurka. Harsunan Mayan na zamani sun fito ne daga Harshen Proto-Mayan, wanda aka sake ginawa shi ta amfani da hanyar kwatanta. Harshen proto-Mayan ya bambanta zuwa akalla rassa daban-daban guda shida: Huastecan, Quichean, Yucatecan, Qanjobalan, Mamean da Chʼolan-Tzeltalan.

Harsunan Mayan sun kasance wani ɓangare na Yankin yaren Mesoamerica, wani yanki na haɗuwa da harsuna wanda ya bunkasa a cikin dubban shekaru na hulɗa tsakanin mutanen Mesoameriya. Dukkanin harsunan Mayan suna nuna ainihin halaye na ganowa na wannan yanki na harshe. Misali, duk suna amfani da sunayen dangantaka maimakon adpositions don nuna alaƙar sarari. Har ila yau, suna da siffofi na ilimin lissafi da na al'ada waɗanda suka ware su daga wasu harsuna na Mesoamerica, kamar amfani da ergativity a cikin maganin ilimin lissafi na kalmomi da batutuwa da abubuwa, takamaiman nau'ikan jujjuyawar kalmomi akan kalmomi, da kuma kalma ta musamman ta "matsayi" wanda ya dace da dukkan harsunan Mayan.

A zamanin tarihin Mesoamerican kafin zamanin Columbia, an rubuta wasu harsunan Mayan a cikin rubutun Maya mai taken tambari . Amfani da shi ya yaɗu musamman a lokacin wayewar Maya ta gargajiya ( c. 250–900 ). Rubuce-rubucen Maya sama da 5,000 da aka sani a gine-gine, abubuwan tarihi, tukwane da kwalayen takardar bawon itace, tare da adabin bayan Yaƙi mai wadata a cikin harsunan Mayan da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Latin, yana ba da tushe don fahimtar zamani game da tarihin kafin Columbia wanda ba a taɓa samun irinsa ba a Amurka.

Tarihi

Kimanin hanyoyin ƙaura da kwanakin iyalai daban-daban na yaren Mayan. Yankin da aka nuna a matsayin Proto-Mayan yanzu masu magana da reshen Qʼanjobalan ne (hasken shuɗi a wasu adadi). [Littafi na 1]

Harsunan Mayan sune zuriyar yaren da ake kira Proto-Mayan ko, a cikin Kʼicheʼ Maya, Nabʼee Mayaʼ Tzij ("tsohuwar Harshe Maya"). An yi imanin cewa ana magana da yaren Proto-Mayan a cikin tsaunuka na Cuchumatanes na tsakiyar Guatemala a wani yanki wanda ya dace da inda ake magana da Qʼanjobalan a yau. Shirin farko wanda ya gano tsaunuka na Chiapas-Guatemalan a matsayin mai yiwuwa "ƙauye" na yarukan Mayan an buga shi ne ta hanyar masanin tarihin Jamus da masanin Karl Sapper a cikin 1912. [bayanin kula 1] Terrence Kaufman da John Justeson sun sake gina abubuwa sama da 3000 na ƙamus don yaren proto-Mayan.

Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwa na Lyle Campbell da Terrence Kaufman, rabuwa ta farko ta faru a kusa da 2200 BC, lokacin da Huastecan ya rabu da Mayan daidai bayan masu magana da shi suka koma arewa maso yamma tare da Gulf Coast na Mexico. Masu magana da Proto-Yucatecan da Proto-Chʼolan daga baya sun rabu da babban rukuni kuma sun koma arewa zuwa Yucatán Peninsula. Masu magana da reshen yamma sun koma kudu zuwa yankunan da yanzu Mamean da Quichean ke zaune. Lokacin da masu magana da proto-Tzeltalan daga baya suka rabu da ƙungiyar Chʼolan kuma suka koma kudu zuwa cikin Chiapas Highlands, sun shiga hulɗa da masu magana na yarukan Mixe-Zoque. Dangane da madadin ka'idar da Robertson da Houston suka yi, Huastecan ya zauna a cikin tsaunuka na Guatemala tare da masu magana da Chʼolan-Tzeltalan, ya rabu da wannan reshe a kwanan wata da yawa fiye da yadda Kaufman ya gabatar. 

A cikin zamanin Archaic (kafin 2000 BC), kalmomin aro da yawa daga yarukan Mixe-Zoquean suna da alama sun shiga yaren proto-Mayan. Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayoyin cewa Maya na farko sun mamaye masu magana da yarukan Mixe-Zoquean, watakila Olmec. [bayanin kula 1] Game da yarukan Xincan da Lencan, a gefe guda, yarukan Mayan galibi sune tushen fiye da mai karɓar kalmomin aro. Masana ilimin yaren Mayan kamar Campbell sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana nuna lokacin hulɗa mai tsanani tsakanin Maya da mutanen Lencan da Xinca, watakila a lokacin Classic (250-900).