Harsunan Pomoan

Harsunan Pomoan
Linguistic classification	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) Harsunan Pomoan
Glottolog	pomo1273

Pomo, ko Pomo /ˈpoʊmoʊ/, harsuna ƙananan iyali ne na harsuna bakwai na asali zuwa arewacin California waɗanda Mutanen Pomo ke magana, waɗanda kakanninsu ke zaune a kwarin Kogin Rasha da kwarin Clear Lake. Yawancin harsuna sun ƙare, kuma Kashaya kawai yana da fiye da masu magana goma.

Yankin rarraba

John Wesley Powell, wanda shine na farko da ya bayyana girman iyalin, ya lura cewa iyakokinta sune Tekun Pacific zuwa yamma, yankin Wintuan a cikin kwarin Sacramento zuwa gabas, shugaban Kogin Rasha zuwa arewa, da Bodega Head da Santa Rosa na yanzu zuwa kudu (Powell 1891:87-88). Sai kawai Arewa maso gabashin Pomo ba ta da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Pomoan, an raba ta da wani yanki na masu magana da Wintuan.

Dangantaka ta ciki na harsuna

Harsunan Pomoan guda bakwai tare da alamar rarrabawarsu kafin tuntuɓar a cikin California. Daga cikin masu magana da waɗannan harsuna na yanzu, da yawa suna zaune a cikin yankuna ɗaya.

Pomo iyali ne na harsuna bakwai. John Wesley Powell ne ya fara gane dangantakarsu da juna, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira su "Kulanapan Family" (Powell 1891). Kamar yawancin shawarwarin Powell na ba a san su ba, musamman ga harsunan California, an yi watsi da "Kulanapan". A matsayinsa, Pomo, kalmar da Indiyawa da White suka yi amfani da ita don Arewacin Pomo, an tsawaita ta hanyar son rai don haɗawa da sauran dangin.

Dukkanin harsuna bakwai an fara gano su a matsayin Pomo ta hanyar Samuel Barrett (1908). Don kauce wa rikitarwa, Barrett ya ba da sunan kowane ɗayan yarukan Pomoan bisa ga matsayinsa na ƙasa ("Northern Pomo," "Southwest Pomo, da dai sauransu) Wannan taron suna da sauri ya sami karɓa mai yawa kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi gaba ɗaya, ban da maye gurbin "Kashaya" don "Southwestern Pomo" na Barrett. Sunayen harsunan yankin Barrett galibi suna jagorantar waɗanda ba su saba da yarukan Pomoan ba ga kuskuren cewa su yare ne na yaren "Pomo" guda ɗaya.

An gabatar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban na iyali, kodayake ƙididdigar gaba ɗaya sun kasance daidai. Ra'ayi na yanzu (cf. Mithun 1999) yana son itacen da aka gabatar a Oswalt (1964), wanda aka nuna a ƙasa.

An gabatar da nau'ikan iri ɗaya na wannan rarrabuwa a cikin Oswalt da McLendon's "Introduction" zuwa surori na Pomo a cikin Heizer, ed. (1978) kuma a cikin Campbell (1997). Mafi mahimmancin mai adawa shine Ibrahim M. Halpern, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan masana harshe kaɗan tun lokacin Barrett don tattara bayanan kwatankwacin akan dukkan harsunan Pomoan.

Rarrabawar Halpern ta bambanta da na Oswalt galibi a cikin sanyawa na Arewa maso gabashin Pomo. Maimakon la'akari da shi reshe mai zaman kansa na iyali, Halpern ya haɗa shi da harsunan reshen "Yamma" na Oswalt. Ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar cewa Arewa maso gabashin Pomo yana wakiltar ƙaura na baya-bayan nan na ƙungiyar Pomo ta Arewa (Halpern 1964; Golla 2011:106-7).