Harsunan Samoyedic

Harsunan Samoyedic
Linguistic classification	Uralic (en) Harsunan Samoyedic
ISO 639-5	syd
Glottolog	samo1298

Rarrabawar ƙasa na harsunan Samoyedic a cikin karni na 17 (an haife shi) kuma a cikin karni ya 20 (mai ƙarfi).

Ana magana da Samyedic a kusa da Dutsen Ural, a arewacin Eurasia, kusan mutane 25,000 gaba ɗaya, saboda haka ana kiransu Mutanen Samoyedic. Sun samo asali ne daga yaren kakanninmu na yau da kullun da ake kira Proto-Samoyedic, kuma sun zama reshe na yarukan Uralic. Da waje sun rabu watakila a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe BC, ba ƙungiya ce ta harsuna daban-daban ba, kuma a al'adance ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙungiya ce, suna da reshe na farko daga sauran harsunan Uralic.

Magana

Kalmar Samyedic ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Rasha samoyed (Russian) da aka fara amfani da ita ne kawai ga Mutanen Nenets kuma daga baya aka faɗaɗa ta ga wasu mutane masu alaƙa.

Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin ya yi la'akari da cewa wasu masana kabilanci sun fassara kalmar kamar yadda ta samo asali ne daga samo-yed na Rasha, a zahiri ma'anar "mai cin kai" (masu tafiya na kasashen waje sun fassara kalma a matsayin zargi na cin nama).

Wani shawara game da asalin kalmar shine cin hanci da rashawa na kalmar saam-edne, ma'ana "Land of the Saams".

Kalmar Samodeic an gabatar da ita a matsayin madadin wasu masana kimiyyar al'umma.

A cikin harshen Rasha na zamani ana amfani da kalmomin "samodian" don wannan rukuni na kabilanci kuma ana kiran yankin binciken da ya dace "samodistika", watau, 'samodistics'.

Kalmar nan "mai cin abinci / mai cin abinci" kuma tana nufin a cikin Rasha ga mutum mai tsinkaye ko mai raɗa kansa watau, wanda ke cin abinci / "mai cin zarafin kansa".

Rarraba

A al'ada, an raba harsuna da mutane na Samoyedic zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu: Arewacin Samoyedic (Nenets, Yurats, Enets, Nganasans), da Kudancin Samoydic (Selkups) tare da wani rukuni na Sayan-Samoyedics (Kamasins, Mators) mai suna bayan Dutsen Sayan. Duk da haka suna da alaƙa da ƙasa, kuma ba sa nuna alaƙar harshe.

Rarrabawar asalin harshe suna nuna bambancin farko na Nganasan da (watakila zuwa ƙaramin digiri) Mator, tare da Enets-Nenets-Yurats da Kamas-Selkup suna samar da rassa na ciki.  

Harshen harshe

Harsunan Samoyedic sune da farko agglutinative. Suna da postpositions da suffixes kuma ba sa amfani da labarai ko prefixes. Harshen Samoyedic kuma suna da shaidar ilimin harshe. Umurnin kalma a cikin harsunan Samoyedic yawanci batun-abu-kalma (SOV). Da ke ƙasa akwai jimloli biyu a cikin Nenets waɗanda ke nuna tsari da shari'ar SOV a cikin harsunan Samoyedic:   A halin yanzu, yankin Samoyed ya kai daga White Sea zuwa Laptev Sea, tare da gabar Arctic na Rasha ta Turai, gami da kudancin Novaya Zemlya, Yamal Peninsula, bakin Ob da Yenisei, da kuma cikin Taimyr peninsula a arewacin Siberia. Suna da alaƙa da masu magana da harshen Ural Ugric da cis-Ural Komi zuwa kudu, amma Rashawa a yamma sun yanke su daga Baltic Finns. A gabas al'ada ne ake zaune a arewacin Turkic Sakha. Wani birni mai mahimmanci na Samoyed ya girma a Mangazeya a karni na 16 a matsayin birni na kasuwanci, amma an lalata shi a farkon karni na 17.

Harsunan Samoyedic na Kudancin, wanda kawai yaren Selkup ya tsira har zuwa yau, a tarihi ya bazu a fadin yanki mai faɗi a tsakiyar Siberia, ya kai daga kwandon Kogin Ob a yamma zuwa tsaunukan Sayan-Baikal a gabas. Rubuce-rubuce har zuwa karni na 18 a wasu lokuta suna ba da rahoton wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar "Abakan", "Kagmasin", "Soyot", kodayake babu wata hujja mai kyau ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan harsuna daban-daban, kuma duk bayanan da ke akwai suna da alama ana iya bayyana su kamar yadda waɗannan sun kasance kawai farkon siffofin Kamassian ko Mator.