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Hasken girgije na ruwa

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Hasken girgije na ruwa

Haskaka girgije na ruwa (MCB), wanda aka fi sani da shuka girgije na teku ko injiniyan girgije na ƙasa, na iya zama hanyar yin girgije na stratocumulus a kan teku ya fi haske, don haka yana nuna karin hasken rana a sararin samaniya don iyakance dumamar duniya. Yana daya daga cikin irin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu da zasu iya samun tasirin yanayi mai yawa, amma yana da ƙasa a cikin yanayi fiye da allurar aerosol ta stratospheric. Zai iya hana yankuna daga yawan zafin jiki. Idan aka yi amfani da shi a kan babban sikelin zai iya rage albedo na Duniya; don haka, tare da haɗuwa da rage fitar da iskar gas, iyakance canjin yanayi da haɗarinsa ga mutane da muhalli. Idan an aiwatar da shi, ana sa ran za a ji tasirin sanyaya da sauri kuma ya zama mai juyawa a kan gajeren lokaci. Koyaya, shingen fasaha ya kasance ga haskaka girgije mai girma, kuma ba zai iya kawar da duk dumama na yanzu ba.[1][2] Kamar yadda girgije yake da rikitarwa kuma ba a fahimta sosai ba, haɗarin haskaka girgije na ruwa ba a bayyane yake ba tun daga 2025.

Ana yayyafa ƙananan ruwan teku a cikin iska don ƙara hasken girgije. Kyakkyawan ƙwayoyin gishiri na teku suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin girgije, suna sa ƙarin ɗigon girgije don haka suna sa girgije ya fi nunawa.[3] ::628 MCB za a iya aiwatarwa ta amfani da jiragen ruwa na jiragen ruwa marasa matuka don watsar da hazo a cikin iska. : An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje 43 a kan Babban Barrier Reef a cikin 2024.[4]

Ka'idoji na asali

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Jiragen ruwa da ke yawo a fadin Tekun Pacific sun bar wannan tarin hanyoyin girgije masu haske da ke cikin yanayi a cikin 2012. Ƙananan girgije, wanda aka sani da waƙoƙin jirgin ruwa, suna samuwa ne lokacin da tururin ruwa ya taru a kusa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin gurɓataccen abin da jiragen ruwa ke fitarwa kai tsaye a matsayin hayaki ko wannan nau'in sakamakon iskar gas a cikin hayaki.

Hasken girgije na ruwa ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ake gani a halin yanzu a cikin tsarin yanayi. A yau, ƙwayoyin hayaki, kamar su soot, sun haɗu da girgije a cikin yanayi kuma sun kara yawan hasken rana da suke nunawa, rage dumama. Wannan tasirin sanyaya an kiyasta shi a tsakanin 0.5 da 1.5 ° C (0.9 da 2.7 ° F), kuma yana daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ba a sani ba a yanayi.[5] Haskaka girgije na ruwa yana ba da shawarar samar da irin wannan sakamako ta amfani da kayan aiki, kamar gishiri na teku. Ana zaton girgije na stratocumulus na ruwa sun fi dacewa saboda yaduwarsu, ɗaukar hoto, samun dama, da kuma yawan adadin girgije.[6] MCB kuma yana sa girgije ya fi tsayi.[7] Kodayake allurar aerosol ta stratospheric za ta kasance mafi girma, tana iya yada hasken rana don haka kuma haskaka girgije na ruwa mai ƙarancin matakin.[8]  

Yawancin girgije yana nunawa sosai, suna sake tura hasken rana mai shigowa zuwa sararin samaniya. Karin albedo na girgije zai kara yawan radiation na hasken rana wanda ke nunawa, wanda hakan zai sanyaya duniya. Girgije ya kunshi ɗigon ruwa, kuma girgije tare da ƙananan ɗigon ruwa sun fi nunawa (saboda Tasirin Twomey). Kwayoyin girgije suna da mahimmanci don samar da ruwa. Babban ra'ayin da ke haifar da haskaka girgije na ruwa shine ƙara aerosols zuwa wuraren yanayi inda girgije ke samuwa. Wadannan zasu yi aiki a matsayin girgije condensation nuclei, kara yawan girgije albedo.

Hasken girgije na ruwa a kan karamin sikelin ya riga ya faru ba da gangan ba saboda aerosols a cikin hayaki na jiragen ruwa, yana barin hanyoyin jirgin ruwa.[9] Canje-canje ga ka'idojin jigilar kayayyaki da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa don rage wasu aerosols ana zaton suna haifar da rage girgije da kara yawan dumama teku, samar da ƙarin tallafi ga yiwuwar tasirin girgije na ruwa a canza zafin teku. Tsarin girgije daban-daban na iya samun bambancin saukin kamuwa da dabarun haskakawa, tare da girgije na stratocumulus na ruwa (ƙananan girgije a kan yankunan teku) mafi mahimmanci ga canje-canjen aerosol.[10][11] Wadannan girgije na stratocumulus na ruwa ana ba da shawarar su a matsayin manufa. Sun zama ruwan dare a yankuna masu sanyi na teku mai zafi da matsakaicin teku, inda ke ɗaukar su sama da kashi 50% sama da shekara guda.[12] Babban tushen yiwuwar ƙarin ƙwayoyin girgije shine gishiri daga ruwan teku, kodayake akwai wasu.[13]

Kodayake muhimmancin aerosols don samar da girgije, gabaɗaya, an fahimci shi sosai, akwai rashin tabbas da yawa. Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC ya ɗauki hulɗar aerosol-girgije a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen yanzu a cikin ƙirar yanayi gabaɗaya. Musamman, yawan droplets ba ya ƙaruwa daidai lokacin da akwai ƙarin aerosols, kuma yana iya raguwa.[14][15] Bayyana tasirin barbashi a kan girgije da aka lura a kan sikelin microphysical zuwa yankin, mai dacewa da yanayi, sikelin ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba.[16] Misali turawa a Kudancin Pacific ko Kudancin Atlantic na iya kara ruwan sama a yamma da tsakiyar Afirka amma rage shi a kudancin Afirka.

Amfani da gida da aka tsara

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An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da MCB don adana kankara na teku na Arctic.[17]

Tasirin yanayi

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Ragewar dumamar yanayi

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Shaidar samfurin tasirin yanayi na duniya na haskaka girgije na ruwa ya kasance iyakance. Binciken samfurin yanzu ya nuna cewa hasken girgije na ruwa na iya sanyaya duniya sosai. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 ya gano karuwar hasken girgije daga jigilar kaya a yankin kudu maso gabashin Atlantic, yana nuna cewa gwajin yanki na MCB a yankunan da ke da rinjaye na stratocumulus na iya samun nasara.[18]

Studies in the late 2010s estimated that this technique could produce up to 2 W/m2 of negative radiative forcing,[lower-alpha 1][1][2] Nazarin a ƙarshen shekarun 2 ya kiyasta cewa wannan dabarar na iya samar da har zuwa 2 W / m2 na mummunan radiative tilasta, [1] [2] wanda bai kai ga radiative tilastawa na mutum kusan 3 W / m2.[lower-alpha 1] Tasirin yanayi na haskaka girgije na ruwa zai kasance mai saurin amsawa kuma mai juyawa. Idan aikin haskakawa ya canza a cikin ƙarfi, ko kuma ya tsaya gaba ɗaya, to hasken girgije zai amsa cikin 'yan kwanaki zuwa makonni, yayin da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin girgije suka ɓace ta halitta

A 2024 study used a unique reduced complexity modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness of marine cloud brightening across different cloud types.[20] The study reported that anthropogenic aerosols have likely offset approximately one-third of greenhouse gas–induced warming since the industrial era, and marine cloud brightening leverages this effect by enhancing cloud reflectivity via modified droplet concentrations. Their results also underscore the importance of considering background droplet size and concentration—not just meteorological variables—when designing cloud brightening interventions.

Har ila yau ba kamar allurar aerosol ba, za'a iya amfani da haskaka girgije na ruwa a yankin, duk da cewa a cikin iyakantaccen hanya.[21] Girgije na stratocumulus na ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a wasu yankuna, musamman gabashin Tekun Pacific da gabashin Tekuna ta Kudu. Wani binciken da aka saba samu a cikin nazarin kwaikwayon shine ci gaba da sanyaya na Pacific, mai kama da abin da ya faru na La Niña, kuma, duk da yanayin canjin albedo, karuwa a cikin kankara na teku.[22][23][24][25][26] Nazarin yana da niyyar yin binciken kwaikwayon da aka samo daga samfuran daban-daban. [yana buƙatar sabuntawa][27]

Sakamakon sakamako

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Akwai wasu yiwuwar canje-canje ga tsarin hazo da faɗin, [24] [28] [29] kodayake ƙirar ta nuna cewa canje-canjen na iya zama ƙasa da waɗanda ke cikin allurar aerosol na stratospheric kuma sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na dumamar duniya ba tare da raguwa ba. Sakamakon na iya zama kamar La Niña.[30]

Aiwatar da MCB na yanki zai buƙaci kulawa don kauce wa haifar da mummunan sakamako a yankunan da ke nesa da yankin da suke da niyyar taimakawa. Misali, yiwuwar Marine Cloud Brightening da nufin sanyaya Yammacin Amurka na iya haifar da karuwar zafi a Turai, saboda haɗin kai na yanayi kamar rikice-rikice mara kyau na juyawa na Atlantic.[31]

Bincike

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John Latham ne ya ba da shawarar haskaka girgije na ruwa a shekarar 1990. [32] Saboda girgije ya kasance babban tushen rashin tabbas a cikin canjin yanayi, wasu ayyukan bincike a cikin haskakawar girgije a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi gabaɗaya sun ba da haske game da haskaka girgije na ruwa musamman. Misali, wani aikin ya fitar da hayaki a bayan jiragen ruwa a cikin Tekun Pacific kuma ya sa ido kan tasirin barbashi a kan girgije.[33] Kodayake an yi wannan ne don fahimtar girgije da canjin yanayi, binciken yana da tasiri ga haskaka girgije na ruwa.

A research coalition called the Marine Cloud Brightening Project was formed in order to coordinate research activities. Its proposed program includes modeling, field experiments, technology development and policy research to study cloud-aerosol effects and marine cloud brightening. The proposed program currently serves as a model for process-level (environmentally benign) experimental programs in the atmosphere.[34] [better source needed]Formed in 2009 by Kelly Wanser with support from Ken Caldeira, the project is now housed at the University of Washington.[35]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stjern, Camilla W.; Muri, Helene; Ahlm, Lars; Boucher, Olivier; Cole, Jason N. S.; Ji, Duoying; Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim; Kravitz, Ben; Lenton, Andrew; Moore, John C.; Niemeier, Ulrike; Phipps, Steven J.; Schmidt, Hauke; Watanabe, Shingo (2018-01-19). "Response to marine cloud brightening in a multi-model ensemble". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (in English). 18 (2): 621–634. Bibcode:2018ACP....18..621S. doi:10.5194/acp-18-621-2018. ISSN 1680-7316. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":72" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ahlm, Lars; Jones, Andy; Stjern, Camilla W.; Muri, Helene; Kravitz, Ben; Kristjánsson, Jón Egill (2017-11-06). "Marine cloud brightening – as effective without clouds". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (in English). 17 (21): 13071–13087. Bibcode:2017ACP....1713071A. doi:10.5194/acp-17-13071-2017. ISSN 1680-7316. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":82" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "Why making clouds brighter could fight climate change". BBC Science Focus Magazine (in Turanci). 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-04-03.
  4. ↑ Collins, Sarah (2024-10-16). "Buying time: can science save the Great Barrier Reef?". www.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-07.
  5. ↑ Gunnar Myhre (Norway); Drew Shindell (US) (2013). "Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing" (PDF). IPCC 5th Assessment Report. Chapter 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
  6. ↑ Chen, C.-C.; Richter, J. H.; Lee, Walker R.; Tye, Mari; MacMartin, Douglas G.; Kravitz, Ben (2025). "Climate Impact of Marine Cloud Brightening Solar Climate Intervention Under a Susceptibility-Based Strategy Simulated by CESM2". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 130 (2): e2024JD041245. Bibcode:2025JGRD..13041245C. doi:10.1029/2024JD041245. ISSN 2169-8996.
  7. ↑ Stein, Theo (2024-03-20). "Scientists detail research to assess viability and risks of marine cloud brightening". NOAA Research (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-07.
  8. ↑ Gristey, Jake J.; Feingold, Graham (2025). "Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Would Change Cloud Brightness". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 52 (6): e2024GL113914. Bibcode:2025GeoRL..5213914G. doi:10.1029/2024GL113914. ISSN 1944-8007.
  9. ↑ Hobbs, Peter V.; Garrett, Timothy J.; Ferek, Ronald J.; Strader, Scott R.; Hegg, Dean A.; Frick, Glendon M.; Hoppel, William A.; Gasparovic, Richard F.; Russell, Lynn M. (2000-08-01). "Emissions from Ships with respect to Their Effects on Clouds" (PDF). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 57 (16): 2570–2590. Bibcode:2000JAtS...57.2570H. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2570:efswrt>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0022-4928. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  10. ↑ Salter, Stephen; Sortino, Graham; Latham, John (2008-11-13). "Sea-going hardware for the cloud albedo method of reversing global warming". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (in Turanci). 366 (1882): 3989–4006. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3989S. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0136. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 18757273.
  11. ↑ Oreopoulos, Lazaros; Platnick, Steven (2008-07-27). "Radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations: 2. Global analysis from MODIS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 113 (D14): D14S21. Bibcode:2008JGRD..11314S21O. doi:10.1029/2007JD009655. ISSN 2156-2202.
  12. ↑ Wood, Robert (2012-02-09). "Stratocumulus Clouds". Monthly Weather Review. 140 (8): 2373–2423. Bibcode:2012MWRv..140.2373W. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1. ISSN 0027-0644.
  13. ↑ Wingenter, Oliver W.; Haase, Karl B.; Zeigler, Max; Blake, Donald R.; Rowland, F. Sherwood; Sive, Barkley C.; Paulino, Ana; Thyrhaug, Runar; Larsen, Aud (2007-03-01). "Unexpected consequences of increasing CO2 and ocean acidity on marine production of DMS and CH2ClI: Potential climate impacts" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 34 (5): L05710. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.5710W. doi:10.1029/2006GL028139. ISSN 1944-8007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  14. ↑ Leaitch, W. R.; Lohmann, U.; Russell, L. M.; Garrett, T.; Shantz, N. C.; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Strapp, J. W.; Hayden, K. L.; Marshall, J. (2010-08-18). "Cloud albedo increase from carbonaceous aerosol". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10 (16): 7669–7684. Bibcode:2010ACP....10.7669L. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7669-2010. ISSN 1680-7324. Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  15. ↑ Chen, Y.-C.; Christensen, M. W.; Xue, L.; Sorooshian, A.; Stephens, G. L.; Rasmussen, R. M.; Seinfeld, J. H. (2012-09-12). "Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12 (17): 8223–8235. Bibcode:2012ACP....12.8223C. doi:10.5194/acp-12-8223-2012. ISSN 1680-7324.
  16. ↑ Martin, G. M.; Johnson, D. W.; Spice, A. (1994-07-01). "The Measurement and Parameterization of Effective Radius of Droplets in Warm Stratocumulus Clouds". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 51 (13): 1823–1842. Bibcode:1994JAtS...51.1823M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1823:tmapoe>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0022-4928.
  17. ↑ Hunt, Professor Hugh (2024-08-04). "The Imperative for Marine Cloud Brightening: A Call for $100 Million to Preserve Arctic Sea Ice". ClimateGenn (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-07.
  18. ↑ Diamond, Michael S.; Director, Hannah M.; Eastman, Ryan; Possner, Anna; Wood, Robert (2020). "Substantial Cloud Brightening From Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds". AGU Advances. 1 (1). Bibcode:2020AGUA....100111D. doi:10.1029/2019av000111.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IPCC_AR6_WGI_SRM
  20. ↑ Khan, Muhammad Mueed; Runyan, Christopher; Bashir, Shahzad; Amjad, Abdul Basit (December 2024). "Exploring Marine Cloud Brightening with a Reduced Complexity Model". Journal of Meteorological Research. 38 (6): 1093–1104. doi:10.1007/s13351-024-4064-3.
  21. ↑ Latham, John; Gadian, Alan; Fournier, Jim; Parkes, Ben; Wadhams, Peter; Chen, Jack (2014-12-28). "Marine cloud brightening: regional applications". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (in Turanci). 372 (2031): 20140053. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37240053L. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0053. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4240952. PMID 25404682.
  22. ↑ Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim; Boucher, Olivier (2009-05-27). "Climate impacts of geoengineering marine stratocumulus clouds". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 114 (D10): D10106. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410106J. doi:10.1029/2008JD011450. ISSN 2156-2202. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  23. ↑ Latham, John; Rasch, Philip; Chen, Chih-Chieh; Kettles, Laura; Gadian, Alan; Gettelman, Andrew; Morrison, Hugh; Bower, Keith; Choularton, Tom (2008-11-13). "Global temperature stabilization via controlled albedo enhancement of low-level maritime clouds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (in Turanci). 366 (1882): 3969–3987. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.3969L. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0137. ISSN 1364-503X. PMID 18757272. S2CID 6985875.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Rasch, Philip J.; Latham, John; Chen, Chih-Chieh (Jack) (2009-01-01). "Geoengineering by cloud seeding: influence on sea ice and climate system". Environmental Research Letters (in Turanci). 4 (4): 045112. Bibcode:2009ERL.....4d5112R. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045112. ISSN 1748-9326. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Hill, Spencer; Ming, Yi (2012-08-16). "Nonlinear climate response to regional brightening of tropical marine stratocumulus". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 39 (15): L15707. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..3915707H. doi:10.1029/2012GL052064. ISSN 1944-8007.
  26. ↑ Baughman, E.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Degaetano, A.; Adcroft, A. (2012-05-18). "Investigation of the Surface and Circulation Impacts of Cloud-Brightening Geoengineering". Journal of Climate. 25 (21): 7527–7543. Bibcode:2012JCli...25.7527B. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00282.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 130550105.
  27. ↑ Alterskjær, K.; Kristjánsson, J. E. (2013-01-16). "The sign of the radiative forcing from marine cloud brightening depends on both particle size and injection amount". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 40 (1): 210–215. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40..210A. doi:10.1029/2012GL054286. ISSN 1944-8007.
  28. ↑ Bala, G.; Caldeira, Ken; Nemani, Rama; Cao, Long; Ban-Weiss, George; Shin, Ho-Jeong (2010-06-24). "Albedo enhancement of marine clouds to counteract global warming: impacts on the hydrological cycle". Climate Dynamics (in Turanci). 37 (5–6): 915–931. Bibcode:2011ClDy...37..915B. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0868-1. ISSN 0930-7575. S2CID 129530032.
  29. ↑ Jones, Andy; Haywood, Jim; Boucher, Olivier (2011-04-01). "A comparison of the climate impacts of geoengineering by stratospheric SO2 injection and by brightening of marine stratocumulus cloud". Atmospheric Science Letters (in Turanci). 12 (2): 176–183. Bibcode:2011AtScL..12..176J. doi:10.1002/asl.291. ISSN 1530-261X. S2CID 121136324.
  30. ↑ Chen, C.-C.; Richter, J. H.; Lee, Walker R.; Tye, Mari; MacMartin, Douglas G.; Kravitz, Ben (2025). "Climate Impact of Marine Cloud Brightening Solar Climate Intervention Under a Susceptibility-Based Strategy Simulated by CESM2". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (in Turanci). 130 (2): e2024JD041245. Bibcode:2025JGRD..13041245C. doi:10.1029/2024JD041245. ISSN 2169-8996.
  31. ↑ Wan, Jessica S.; Chen, Chih-Chieh Jack; Tilmes, Simone; Luongo, Matthew T.; Richter, Jadwiga H.; Ricke, Katharine (2024). "Diminished efficacy of regional marine cloud brightening in a warmer world". Nature Climate Change. 14 (8): 808–814. doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02046-7.
  32. ↑ Latham, John (1990). "Control of Global Warming?". Nature. 347 (6291): 339–340. Bibcode:1990Natur.347..339L. doi:10.1038/347339b0. S2CID 4340327.
  33. ↑ Russell, Lynn M.; Sorooshian, Armin; Seinfeld, John H.; Albrecht, Bruce A.; Nenes, Athanasios; Ahlm, Lars; Chen, Yi-Chun; Coggon, Matthew; Craven, Jill S. (2013-05-01). "Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5): 709–729. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..709R. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00015.1. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 122917010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  34. ↑ Keith, David W.; Duren, Riley; MacMartin, Douglas G. (2014-12-28). "Field experiments on solar geoengineering: report of a workshop exploring a representative research portfolio". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (in Turanci). 372 (2031): 20140175. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37240175K. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0175. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4240958. PMID 25404684.
  35. ↑ "Marine Cloud Brightening Program". Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-08.


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