Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut
Pharaoh 1479 "BCE" - 1458 "BCE" ← Thutmose II (en) - Thutmose III (en) → God's Wife of Amun (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Thebes, Egypt da Misra, 1507 "BCE"
ƙasa	Tsohuwar Masar
Mutuwa	16 ga Janairu, 1458 "BCE"
Makwanci	Valley of the Kings
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (bone cancer (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Thutmose na I
Mahaifiya	Ahmose
Abokiyar zama	Thutmose II (en)
Yara	view Neferure (en)
Yare	Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	statesperson (en)

Hatshepsut / / hɑː t ˈʃɛ psʊt / haht- SHEPP - haht- ; c. 1507–1458 BC) ita ce Babbar Matar Sarauta ta Fir'auna Thutmose II kuma Fir'auna na shida na daular sha takwas na Masar, wanda ya fara mulki a matsayin mai mulki, sannan a matsayin sarauniya mai mulki daga c. 1479 BC har zuwa c. 1458 BC (Low Chronology). Ita ce mace ta biyu da aka tabbatar da ita a Masar wacce ta yi mulkin kanta, ta farko ita ce Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek a daular sha biyu .

Hatshepsut ita ce 'yar Thutmose I da Babbar Matar Sarauta, Ahmose . Bayan mutuwar mijinta da ɗan'uwanta Thutmose II, ta fara mulki a matsayin mai mulki ga ɗanta, Thutmose III, wanda ya gaji sarauta yana da shekaru biyu. Shekaru da yawa a cikin mulkinta, Hatshepsut ta ɗauki matsayin Fir'auna kuma ta karɓi cikakken tsarin sarauta, wanda ya sa ta zama shugaba tare da Thutmose III. Domin ta samu kanta a cikin sarautar Masarawa, ta ɗauki matsayin namiji a al'ada kuma an kwatanta ta a matsayin fir'auna namiji, mai dabi'a na maza da kuma tufafi na al'ada. Ta jaddada halaye na maza da mata don isar da ra'ayin cewa ta kasance uwa da uba ga daula. Mulkin Hatshepsut lokaci ne na babban wadata da zaman lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin masu ginin gine-gine a tsohuwar Masar, ta lura da manyan ayyuka na gine-gine irin su Karnak Temple Complex, Red Chapel, Speos Artemidos da kuma mafi shahara, Haikali na Mortuary na Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahari .

Wataƙila Hatshepsut ya mutu a shekara ta 22 na mulkin Thutmose III. A ƙarshen mulkin Thutmose III da kuma lokacin dansa Amenhotep II, an yi ƙoƙari don cire ta daga asusun tarihin Masar: an lalatar da mutum-mutuminta, an lalatar da abubuwan tarihinta, kuma yawancin nasarorin da ta samu an danganta su ga wasu fir'auna.

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Hatshepsut tsakanin 1505 zuwa 1495 BC a matsayin babbar 'yar Thutmose I da babbar matarsa ta sarauta, Ahmose . Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, Hatshepsut ta auri Thutmose II, ɗan'uwanta kuma magajin mahaifinta, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha huɗu ko goma sha biyar. Thutmose II yana da irin wannan shekarun.

Mulki

Jar dauke da cartouche na Hatshepsut. Cike da guduro itacen al'ul. Calcite, ba a gama ba. Adadin Foundation. Daular 18, daga Deir el-Bahari, Masar. Petrie Museum of Egypt Archaeology, London

Bayan mutuwar Thutmose II, Thutmose III mai karancin shekaru ya zama Fir'auna na Masar. Hatshepsut malaman zamani na farko sun yi tunanin cewa kawai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki tare da shi. Koyaya, malaman zamani sun yarda cewa, yayin da ta fara aiki a matsayin mai mulki ga matasa Thutmose III daga hawansa a c. 1479 BC, Hatshepsut a ƙarshe ya ɗauki matsayin Fir'auna tare da shi a shekara ta 7 na mulkinsa, c. 1472 BC ; zama sarauniya mai mulki, Hatshepsut ya raba Thutmose Ƙididdigar sarauta ta III da ta kasance, ta yadda ta dawo da kasancewarta a matsayin Fir'auna zuwa Shekara ta 1, lokacin da ta kasance mai mulki kawai. [ 14 ] Ko da yake sarauniya Sobekneferu da - mai yiyuwa - Nitocris, a baya sun dauki matsayin fir'auna, Hatshepsut ita ce mace daya tilo da ta yi mulki a lokacin wadata, kuma za a iya cewa tana da iko fiye da magabata na mata.

A baya-bayan nan, tsoffin marubuta sun bayyana Hatshepsut da cewa ta yi mulki kusan shekaru 21-22, wanda ya haɗa da mulkinta da mulkinta a matsayin sarauniya. Josephus da Julius Africanus sun bi shaidar farko ta Manetho (karni na 3 BC), suna ambaton wata sarauniya mai mulki da ake kira Amessis ko Amensis, wanda Josephus ya ayyana a matsayin 'yar'uwar magabata. Daga baya masana tarihi sun bayyana wannan mata da Hatshepsut. A cikin rubutun Josephus, an kwatanta mulkinta a matsayin dawwama na 21 shekaru da 9 watanni, yayin da Africanus ya bayyana shi a matsayin shekaru 22, da alama yana tattarawa . Sabuwar shedar Hatshepsut a cikin bayanan zamani ya fito ne daga shekara ta 20 na ƙidayar mulki na Thutmose III; Ba a ƙara ambaton ta a cikin shekara ta 22, lokacin da ya gudanar da babban kamfen ɗinsa na farko a ƙasashen waje. Wannan ya dace da 21 shekaru 9 watanni da Manetho da Josephus suka rubuta, wanda zai kawo ƙarshen mulkin Hatshepsut a shekara ta 22 na Thutmose. III.

Saduwa da farkon mulkinta ya fi wuya. Mahaifinta, Thutmose Ni, ya fara mulkinsa a cikin 1526 BC ko 1506 BC bisa ga ƙididdiga masu girma da ƙananan na mulkinta, ko da yake tsawon lokacin mulkin Thutmose. Ni da Thutmose II ba za a iya ƙaddara da tabbaci ba. Tare da gajeriyar mulki, Hatshepsut ta hau kan karagar mulki shekaru 14 bayan nadin mahaifinta; Tsawon mulki zai sa ta zama shekaru 25 bayan nadin sarautarsa.

Shaida na farko na Hatshepsut a matsayin fir'auna ya faru a cikin kabarin Ramose da Hatnofer, inda tarin kayan kabari ya ƙunshi tulun tukwane ɗaya ko amphora daga ɗakin kabarin, wanda aka buga tare da kwanan wata "Shekara 7". [1] Wani tulu daga kabari guda, wanda aka gano a wurin ta balaguron 1935-36 Metropolitan Museum of Art balaguron balaguron dutse kusa da Thebes, an buga shi da hatimin " Matar Allah Hatshepsut", kuma tuluna biyu suna ɗauke da hatimin "The Good Goddess Maatkare". [1] Haɗin kai na amphorae, "wanda aka hatimce shi a cikin ɗakin kabarin [kabari] ta tarkace daga kabarin Senenmut", ba a jayayya, ma'ana Hatshepsut an yarda da shi a matsayin Fir'auna na Masar - kuma ba kawai mai mulki ba - ta shekara ta 7 na mulkinta. [1] Ta kasance Fir'auna ta shekara ta 9, ranar balaguron Punti, c. 1471 BC ; shaidarta ta ƙarshe a matsayin fir'auna ita ce Shekara 20, c. 1460 BC, kuma ta daina bayyana a cikin shekara ta 22, c. 1458 .

Manyan nasarori

Hanyoyin ciniki

Kututturen bishiyar mur da balaguron Hatshepsut ya kawo daga ƙasar Punt, wanda aka dasa a gaban haikalinta a Deir el-Bahari .

Hatshepsut ya sake kafa hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci da dama da suka lalace a lokacin mamayar Hyksos na Masar a lokacin tsaka-tsaki na biyu . [1] Ta lura da shirye-shirye da kudade don manufa zuwa Ƙasar Punt .

Tawagar Hatshepsut ta dawo daga Punte dauke da itatuwan mur 31 masu rai da sauran kayan alatu irin su turare . Hatshepsut zai niƙa ƙona turaren wuta a cikin kohl eyeliner. Wannan shine farkon rubutaccen amfani da guduro.

Hatshepsut ya yi bikin tunawa da balaguron cikin jin daɗi a Deir el-Bahari, wanda kuma ya shahara saboda ainihin hoton Sarauniya Ati na ƙasar Punt. Hatshepsut ya kuma aika da balaguro zuwa Byblos da yankin Sinai jim kadan bayan ziyarar Punt. An san kadan game da waɗannan balaguro. Ko da yake yawancin masana Masarautar Masar sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufofinta na ketare na zaman lafiya ne, mai yiwuwa ne ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da Nubia da Kan'ana .

Ayyukan gine-gine

Tagulla ko takardar tagulla mai ɗauke da sunan Hatshepsut. Daga ajiyar tushe a cikin wani karamin rami da aka lullube da tabarma da aka samu a Deir el-Bahari.

Hatshepsut ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun magina a cikin Tsohuwar Masar, tare da ƙaddamar da ɗaruruwan ayyukan gine-gine a cikin Masarautar Masar da Ƙasar Masar . Yawancin waɗannan ayyukan gine-ginen haikali ne don gina tushen addininta da haƙƙinta fiye da matsayinta na Matar Allah ta Amun. A waɗannan gidajen ibada, ta yi al'adun addini waɗanda aka keɓe don sarakuna tun yanzu, tare da tabbatar da shaidar cewa Hatshepsut ya ɗauki matsayin mazaje na al'ada a matsayin Fir'auna. babban mai ginin gine-gine Ineni aiki, wanda kuma ya yi wa mahaifinta da mijinta aiki da mai kula da sarki Senenmut . Abubuwan kayan tarihi na tarihi sun ba da shaidar archaeological na hotunan Hatshepsut na kanta a matsayin fir'auna namiji, tare da halayen maza na zahiri da na al'ada na mazajen Masarawa na dā, kamar gemu na ƙarya da ƙahonin rago. Ana ganin waɗannan hotuna a matsayin alama, kuma ba shaida na giciye-tufafi ko androgyny ba .

Dangane da al'adar mafi yawan fir'auna, Hatshepsut yana da abubuwan tarihi da aka gina a Haikali na Karnak . Ta kuma maido da ainihin wurin Mut, babbar tsohuwar allahiya ta Masar, a Karnak wanda sarakunan kasashen waje suka lalata su a lokacin mamayar Hyksos . Daga baya sai wasu fir’auna suka yi wa kaca-kaca da ita, inda suka dauki bangare daya bayan daya don yin amfani da nasu ayyukan. Wurin yana jiran maidowa. Ta sa an kafa tagwayen duwatsu a ƙofar haikalin waɗanda a lokacin ginin su ne mafi tsayi a duniya. Daya ne kawai ya kasance a tsaye, wanda shine tsohuwar obelisk mafi tsayi na biyu har yanzu yana tsaye, ɗayan ya juye ya karye gida biyu. Jami'in da ke kula da waɗancan kaburbura shi ne babban wakili Amenhotep . Wani aikin, Karnak's Red Chapel, ko Chapelle Rouge, an gina shi azaman wurin bautar barque.

Daga baya, ta ba da umarnin a gina wasu tudu biyu don murnar cika shekara ta 16 a matsayin Fir'auna; daya daga cikin duwatsun ya karye yayin ginin, kuma an gina na uku don maye gurbinsa. An bar dutsen da aka karye a wurin da ake fasa dutsen da ke Aswan, inda ya rage. Wanda aka sani da Obelisk ɗin da ba a gama ba, yana ba da shaidar yadda aka fasa dutsen dutse.

Tsarin haikalin gawawwaki na Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut ya gina Haikali na Pakhet a Beni Hasan a cikin gundumar Minya kudu da Al Minya . Sunan, Pakhet, wani kira ne da ya faru ta hanyar haɗa Bast da Sekhmet, waɗanda suke irin wannan alloli na yaƙin zaki, a yankin da ke kan iyaka da arewa da kudu na ƙungiyoyin asiri. Haikali na karkashin kasa mai cike da kogon, wanda aka yanke a cikin tsaunin dutsen da ke gefen gabas na Kogin Nilu, ya kasance abin sha'awa kuma ana kiransa Speos Artemidos ta hanyar Helenawa a lokacin da suke mamaye Masar, wanda aka sani da Daular Ptolemaic . Sun ga allan tana kama da gunkin mafarautansu, Artemis. Ana tsammanin an gina haikalin tare da wasu tsofaffin da ba su tsira ba. Wannan haikalin yana da wurin adana kayan tarihi tare da dogon rubutu na sadaukarwa mai ɗauke da sanannen la'anar Hatshepsut na Hyksos da James P. Allen ya fassara. An canza wannan haikalin daga baya, kuma Seti I na Daular Goma Sha Tara ya canza wasu daga cikinsa a ƙoƙarin neman sunansa ya maye gurbin na Hatshepsut.

A bin al'adar fir'auna da yawa, babban aikin ginin Hatshepsut shine haikalin gawawwaki . Ta gina nata a wani katafaren gida a Deir el-Bahari . Har yanzu ba a fayyace ainihin mawallafin da ke bayan aikin ba. Yana yiwuwa Senenmut, Mai Kula da Ayyuka, ko Hapuseneb, Babban Firist, ne ke da alhakin. Hakanan yana yiwuwa Hatshepsut ya ba da labari ga aikin. Da yake kusa da birnin Luxor, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwararren gine-gine na zamanin da. Maudu'in hadaddun shine Djeser-Djeseru ko "Mai Tsarki na Holies".

Yabo a hukumance

Hatshepsut ya kasance "sau da yawa ana nuna shi a cikin nau'in zaki na sphinx lokacin da ta yi sarauta a matsayin sarki", kamar yadda yake a cikin wannan sassaken dutse wanda kuma ya nuna ta sanye da gemu na ƙarya na gargajiya, alamar ikon pharaonic.

Hawk na Fir'auna, Hatshepsut - Haikali a Luxor

Hyperbole gama gari ne ga kusan duk rubutun sarauta na tarihin Masar. Yayin da duk tsoffin shugabannin suka yi amfani da shi don yaba nasarorin da suka samu, an kira Hatshepsut a matsayin fitacciyar Fir'auna wajen inganta ayyukanta.

Hatshepsut ya ɗauki dukkan kayan aiki da alamomin ofishin Fir'auna a cikin wakilcin hukuma: rigar kan Khat, wanda aka ɗaure da uraeus, gemu na ƙarya na gargajiya, da shendyt kilt. Hatshepsut ta kasance mai ban sha'awa kuma mai ban mamaki a yawancin gumakanta da abubuwan tunawa. Za ta ƙirƙiri nau'in nau'in namiji na kanta don kafa kanta a cikin daular Masarawa.  

Mutum-mutumin Osirian na Hatshepsut-kamar yadda yake tare da sauran fir'auna-suna kwatanta matattu fir'auna kamar Osiris, tare da jiki da tsarin wannan allahntaka.

Don ƙara da'awarta ga kursiyin, firistoci sun ba da labarin haihuwar Allah. A cikin wannan tatsuniya, Amun ya tafi Ahmose a cikin sigar Thutmose I. Hatshepsut Ahmose ne ya ɗauki cikinsa. Khnum, allahn da ya tsara jikin 'ya'yan adam, sannan an umurce shi don ƙirƙirar jiki da ko gaban jiki / rayuwa, don Hatshepsut. Heket, allahn rayuwa da haihuwa, kuma Khnum sannan ya jagoranci Ahmose zuwa wurin da ta haifi Hatshepsut. Taimakon da ke nuna kowane mataki a cikin waɗannan al'amuran suna a Karnak da kuma cikin haikalin gawarwakinta.

Oracle of Amun ta yi shelar cewa nufin Amun ne Hatshepsut ya zama Fir'auna, yana ƙara ƙarfafa matsayinta. Ta sake nanata goyon bayan Amun ta hanyar sanya waɗannan shelar da allahn Amun ya sassaƙa a kan abubuwan tarihinta:

Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands.

Da zarar ta zama Fir'auna kanta, Hatshepsut ta goyi bayan ikirarinta na cewa ita ce magajin mahaifinta tare da rubuce-rubuce a bangon haikalin ta:

Then his majesty said to them: "This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command." The royal nobles, the dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.

Mutuwa, binnewa, da mummiyya

Hatshepsut's quartz sarcophagus

Ƙarshen shaidar Hatshepsut a matsayin fir'auna ita ce Shekara ta 20, na III Peret, Ranar 2, c. 22 May 1459 BC, amma tsawon shekaru 21 da watanni 9 da Manetho ya yi mata a littafin Josephus Contra Apionem ya nuna cewa ta daina sarauta a shekara ta 22, c. 1458 BC . Madaidaicin ranar farkon mulkin Thutmose III a matsayin mai mulkin Masar kaɗai - kuma mai yiwuwa na mutuwar Hatshepsut - ana ɗaukarsa shine shekara ta 22, II Peret, Day 10, da aka rubuta akan wani tati ɗaya da aka gina a Armant, daidai da 16 Janairu 1458 BC. Wannan bayanin ya tabbatar da ainihin amincin bayanan jerin sunayen sarkin Manetho tun lokacin da Hatshepsut ya san kwanan watan I Shemu, Ranar 4.

Hatshepsut ta fara gina kabari lokacin da ta kasance Babbar Matar Sarauta ta Thutmose II. Duk da haka, ma'aunin wannan bai dace da Fir'auna ba, don haka lokacin da ta hau kan karagar mulki, an fara shirye-shiryen wani binnewa. Don wannan, KV20, wanda aka samo asali don mahaifinta, Thutmose I, kuma mai yiwuwa kabari na farko na sarauta a cikin kwarin Sarakuna, an kara shi tare da sabon ɗakin binne. Hatshepsut kuma ta sake gyara binne mahaifinta kuma ta shirya don shiga biyu na Thutmose I da ita a cikin KV20. Saboda haka, wataƙila sa’ad da ta rasu (ba a cika shekara ta 22 ta sarautar ba), an haɗa ta tare da mahaifinta a cikin wannan kabari.

Duk da haka, a lokacin mulkin Thutmose III, an gina sabon kabari ( KV38 ), tare da sababbin kayan binne Thutmose I. Don haka, Thutmose I an sake shi daga kabarinsa na asali kuma aka sake binne shi a wani wuri. Akwai yiwuwar cewa a lokaci guda, mahaifiyar Hatshepsut ta koma cikin kabarin ma'aikacin jinya, Sitre In, a cikin KV60 . Aminhotep II, ɗan Thutmose III, daga matar sakandare, zai iya motsa waɗannan ayyukan, a ƙoƙarin tabbatar da da'awarsa na rashin tabbas ga kursiyin.

Bayan abin da aka gano daga KV20 a lokacin da Masanin Masanin Howard Carter ya ba da izinin kabari a cikin 1903, an gano wasu kayan aikin jana'izar na Hatshepsut a wani wuri, ciki har da kursiyin zaki ko gadon gado, allon wasan senet mai sassakakken kan zaki, ja-jasper wasa guda mai ɗauke da sunanta na pharaonic, da alamar zobe mai alamar ta. A cikin Royal Mummy Cache a DB320, an samo akwatin katako na katako wanda ke dauke da kullun hauren giwa, mai dauke da sunan Hatshepsut kuma yana dauke da hanta ko splin, tare da hakoran haƙori. Haka kuma akwai wata uwargida mai suna iri daya daga daular 21, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara hasashen cewa kayan tarihi nata ne a maimakon haka.

Mummy ta gabatar

KV60A mummy, wanda ake tunanin shine na Hatshepsut

A cikin 1903, Howard Carter ya gano kabarin KV60 a cikin kwarin Sarakuna. Ya ƙunshi mummies mata guda biyu: ɗaya da aka bayyana a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Hatshepsut, ɗayan kuma ba a tantance ba. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007, gawar da ba a bayyana ba, mai suna KV60A, daga karshe Dr. Zahi Hawass ya cire shi daga kabarin kuma aka kai shi dakin adana kayan tarihi na Masar na Alkahira don yin gwaji. Wannan mummy ta rasa haƙori, kuma sararin da ke cikin muƙamuƙi ya yi daidai da ƙwanƙwasa na Hatshepsut, wanda aka samo a cikin DB320 "akwatin canopic". Dangane da wannan, Hawass ya kammala cewa KV60A mummy mai yiwuwa Hatshepsut ne.

Yayin da mummy da hakori za a iya gwada DNA don ganin ko na mutum ɗaya ne kuma a tabbatar da ainihin mummy, Hawass, Gidan Tarihi na Cairo da wasu masana Masarautar Masar sun ƙi yin hakan don yana buƙatar lalata haƙori don dawo da DNA. Tun daga lokacin mutuwarta an danganta ta da wani ruwan shafa mai cutar kansa na benzopyrene da aka samu a hannun Fir'auna, wanda ya kai ta ciwon kansar kashi . Ana tsammanin wasu daga cikin dangin sarauniya sun yi fama da cututtukan fata masu kumburi da sukan zama kwayoyin halitta. A zaton cewa mummy na Hatshepsut ce, da alama ta sanya wa kanta guba ba da gangan ba yayin da take ƙoƙarin lallashin fatarta mai ƙaiƙayi. Har ila yau, yana nuna cewa tana da ciwon sanyi da hakora, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa aka cire hakori.

Duk da haka, a cikin 2011, an gano haƙori a matsayin ƙwanƙwasa daga ƙananan muƙamuƙi, yayin da mummy daga KV60 ya rasa molar daga muƙamuƙinsa na sama, don haka ya haifar da shakku kan abin da ake tsammani.

Gado

Cire daga tarihin tarihi

Misali na abubuwan tunawa da Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahari. Yayin da aka bar zane-zane na Thutmose III (dama) ba daidai ba, an yi kutse na zane-zane na Hatshepsut (hagu), mai yiwuwa daga Amenhotep II.

A ƙarshen mulkin Thutmose III da kuma cikin mulkin ɗansa, an yi ƙoƙarin cire Hatshepsut daga wasu bayanan tarihi da na fir'auna. An sassare zane-zanenta da hotunanta daga bangon dutse. Hanyoyin shafewa sun kasance daga cikakken lalata kowane misali na sunanta ko hotonta zuwa maye gurbinsa, saka Thutmose I ko II inda Hatshepsut ta taɓa tsayawa. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na sassauƙa, ayyukan patchwork waɗanda suka rufe zanen Hatshepsut; ana iya ganin misalan haka a bangon haikalin Deir el-Bahari. Hanyoyi masu sauƙi kuma sun haɗa da sutura, inda aka ƙara sabon dutse don cikakken rufe kayan taimako ko aikin dutse mai tsarki.

A haikalin Deir el-Bahari, an yayyage mutum-mutumin Hatshepsut kuma a lokuta da yawa, an farfasa ko kuma a lalace kafin a binne su a cikin rami. A Karnak, an yi ƙoƙarin gina bangon abubuwan tarihinta. Duk da yake a bayyane yake cewa yawancin wannan sake rubutawa na tarihin Hatshepsut ya faru ne kawai a lokacin ƙarshen mulkin Thutmose III, ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ya faru ba, ban da a matsayin bayyanar da dabi'un haɓaka kai tsaye wanda ya wanzu a tsakanin fir'auna da masu gudanar da su, ko watakila don ajiye kudi ta hanyar rashin gina sababbin abubuwan tunawa don binne Thutmose na III, da kuma gina gine-ginen da aka gina ta hanyar Haikali.

Aminhotep II, ɗan Thutmose III, wanda ya zama mai mulki a ƙarshen mulkin mahaifinsa, wasu suna zargin shi ne ya yi ɓarna a ƙarshen mulkin wani tsohon Fir'auna. Da zai kasance yana da dalili domin matsayinsa a zuriyar sarauta ba shi da ƙarfi da zai tabbatar da ɗaukakarsa ga Fir'auna. An rubuta shi, da ƙari, kamar yadda ya cinye yawancin abubuwan da Hatshepsut ya yi a lokacin mulkinsa. Sarautar nasa tana da yunƙurin karya zuriyar sarautar ita ma, ba tare da rubuta sunayen sarakunansa ba da kuma kawar da manyan mukamai da mukamai na mata na sarauta, irin su Matar Allah ta Amun. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan laƙabi za a dawo dasu a zamanin ɗansa Thutmose IV .

Shekaru da yawa, suna zaton cewa Thutmose III ne ya yi fushi da zarar ya zama Fir'auna, masanan Masar na farko na zamani sun ɗauka cewa erasures sun yi kama da na Roman damnatio memoriae . Masanin ilimin ƙasar Masar Donald Redford ya ce hakan ba don ƙiyayya ne ya jawo hakan ba amma larura ce ta siyasa don tabbatar da imaninsa. Redford ya kara da cewa:

But did Thutmose remember her? Here and there, in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see, the queen's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which never vulgar eye would again behold, still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence.

Kima na zamani

Hatshepsut shine, a cewar Masanin ilimin Masarautar James Henry Breasted, "mace ta farko a tarihin wanda aka sanar da mu." A wasu hanyoyi, ana ganin mulkin Hatshepsut ya saba wa tsarin sarauta na zamaninta. Ta yi nasarar yin sarauta a matsayin ɗan da ba nata ba, wanda ya saba wa tsarin da a baya kawai iyaye mata su yi mulki a madadin 'ya'yansu. Ta yi amfani da wannan sarauta don ƙirƙirar sarautar mata, ta gina manyan haikali don murnar mulkinta, wanda ke nufin cewa jama'a sun saba da ganin mace a cikin irin wannan rawar. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa sa’ad da al’ummai suka ayyana sarkinta, jama’ar Masar sun karɓi matsayinta da sauri.  

Sai dai, kamar yadda aka yi da sauran shugabannin mata a ƙasar Masar ta dā, an yi hakan ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da alamomin sarauta na maza; don haka bayanin Hatshepsut da sauran su a matsayin sarakuna mata maimakon sarauniya. Hatshepsut dai za a iya cewa maza ne suka dora su a kan mulki domin su ci moriyar dukiyarsu. Ta sami iko lokacin da Masar ta tara dukiya mai yawa a kwanan nan, yana nuna cewa manyan Masarawa ne suka sanya ta a kan mulki saboda tarihinta na samun nasara a wurare daban-daban - a matsayin Babban Firist ko kuma a matsayin mai riƙe da hidima ga mahaifinta Thutmose na I a Thebes yayin da yake tafiya yaƙin neman zaɓe. Wannan rikodin nasara ya sa irin waɗannan manyan mutane su kasance da kwarin gwiwa cewa za ta iya sarrafa dukiyoyi da kasuwanci na Masar, ta yin amfani da lokacin wadatar Masar. Lallai, ɗan tarihi Kara Cooney ya kwatanta Hatshepsut da cewa "a zahiri, mace ɗaya tilo da ta taɓa zama sarki a ƙasar Masar ta dā a lokacin wadata da faɗaɗawa."

Masanin tarihi Joyce Tyldesley ya bayyana cewa Thutmose III na iya ba da umarnin a canza abubuwan tarihi na jama'a ga Hatshepsut da nasarorin da ta samu don a canza ta ko kuma a lalata ta don sanya ta a cikin ƙaramin matsayi na haɗin gwiwa, ma'ana yana iya da'awar cewa gadon sarauta ya gudana kai tsaye daga Thutmose II zuwa Thutmose III ba tare da tsangwama daga uwarsa ba. Jami'an Thutmose III sun goyi bayan hakan, kuma yayin da jami'an Hatshepsut suka mutu ko kuma ba a gaban jama'a, an sami 'yar adawa da hakan. Tyldesley, tare da masana tarihi Peter Dorman da Gay Robins, sun ce shafewa da kuma lalata abubuwan tarihi na Hatshepsut na iya zama ƙoƙari na kashe tunawa da sarautar mata (ciki har da nasarorinsa, sabanin fir'aunan mata da suka yi nasara ga Misira Sobektunferuven . saboda haka ya fi karbuwa ga kafa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a matsayin mutum mai ban tausayi) kuma ya sake ba da damar yin mulki.

"Matsalar Hatshepsut" hanya ce ta kai tsaye ga ƙa'idodin jinsi dangane da tsohuwar tsarin zamantakewar Masarawa. Duk da cewa ta rike matsayin Sarauniya, amma sarautar ta, musamman bayan, an yi watsi da ita har ma an shafe ta. Za a iya la'akari da mulkinta mafi nasara fiye da na wasu sarakunan Fir'auna, misali tare da fadada iyakoki, wanda za a iya gani a matsayin barazana ga matsayin jinsin gargajiya. Wannan yana haifar da tambayoyi game da rikici tsakanin iko da matsayin jinsi na gargajiya, da kuma yadda zamani da ra'ayin mazan jiya suka mamaye.

Goge sunan Hatshepsut—da mutanen da suka gaje ta ga kowane dalili— kusan ya sa ta bace daga tarihin tarihi da rubuce-rubuce na Masar. Lokacin da masanan Masar na ƙarni na 19 suka fara fassara nassosin da ke kan bangon haikalin Deir el-Bahari (wanda aka kwatanta da sarakuna biyu da alama maza) fassararsu ba ta da ma'ana. Jean-François Champollion, ɗan Faransa mai tsara haruffa, ya ce:

If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here, as elsewhere throughout the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with all the insignia of royalty, giving place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we may search the royal lists in vain, still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though a queen were in question. I found the same peculiarity everywhere...

Wannan matsala ta kasance babban batu a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 na Egiptoology, wanda ya ta'allaka ne kan rudani da rashin jituwa kan tsarin maye gurbin farkon Daular 18 ta fir'auna . Rikicin ya ɗauki sunansa daga ruɗewa game da tarihin zamanin mulkin Sarauniya Hatshepsut da Thutmose I, II, da III.

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