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Heat stroke

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Heat stroke
Description (en) Fassara
Irihyperthermia (en) Fassara
heat illness (en) Fassara
Field of study (en) Fassaraemergency medicine (en) Fassara
Sanadisummer heat (en) Fassara, exertion (en) Fassara
body temperature (en) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) FassaraJiri, mental confusion (en) Fassara, delirium (en) Fassara
nausea (en) Fassara
Effect (en) Fassaraunconsciousness (en) Fassara, organ dysfunction (en) Fassara, inflammation (en) Fassara
blood coagulation (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10-CMT67.0
ICD-10T67.0
DiseasesDB5690
MedlinePlus000056
eMedicine000056
MeSHD013474 da D018883
Rashin zafi
Sauran sunaye Rashin rana, Siriya [1]
Mutumin da ake sanyaya shi da ruwa, daya daga cikin magunguna don bugun zafi, a Iraki a 1943
Kyakkyawan Magungunan gaggawa
Alamomi Babban zafin jiki, ja, bushe ko rigar fata, ciwon kai, damuwa, rikicewa, ƙishirwa [2]
Matsalolin Cutar jiki, rhabdomyolysis, gazawar koda [3]
Tsawon lokaci Kwanaki 1-2 a asibiti (lokacin warkewa na yau da kullun) watanni 2 zuwa shekara (cikakken lokacin warkewa)
Nau'o'in Classic, motsa jiki [3]
Dalilan da suka haifar Babban yanayin zafi na waje, motsa jiki [3][4]
Abubuwan haɗari Ƙarshen shekaru, raƙuman zafi, zafi mai yawa, wasu magunguna, cututtukan zuciya, cututsin fata [3]
Hanyar ganewa Bisa ga alamun bayyanar cututtuka [3]
Binciken bambance-bambance Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, zazzabin cizon sauro, meningitis [3]
Magani Saurin sanyaya, kulawa ta tallafi [4]
Hasashen da aka yi Hadarin mutuwa <5% (ya haifar da motsa jiki), 21-65% tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke asibiti (wanda ba a haifar da motsawa ba) [3]
Mutuwa > 600 a kowace shekara (Amurka) [4]
Bambanci tsakanin bugun zafi da gajiyawar zafi

bugun zafi ko bugun zafi, wanda aka fi sani da bugun rana, cuta ce mai tsanani wanda ke haifar da zafin jiki sama da 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) ° C (104.0 ° F), [4] tare da jan fata, ciwon kai, dizziness, da rikicewa. [2] Zafin yana nan gabaɗaya a cikin zafi mai ƙarfi, amma ba a cikin zafi na gargajiya ba.[5] Farawar bugun zafi na iya zama kwatsam ko sannu a hankali.[3] Heatstroke yanayi ne mai barazana ga rayuwa saboda yiwuwar rashin aiki da kwayoyin halitta da yawa, tare da rikitarwa na yau da kullun ciki har da fashewa, rhabdomyolysis, ko gazawar koda. [6][3]

Bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke) yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsanancin zafin yanayi daga waje da/ko aikin jiki mai ƙarfi.[7][8] Yawanci yana faruwa ne bayan dogon lokaci ana fuskantar matsanancin zafi na muhalli ko kuma zafin da aikin jiki ke haifarwa, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta ana iya kauce masa.[9]

Sai dai, wasu yanayin lafiya na iya ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da bugun zafin jiki. Haka kuma, wasu mutane, musamman yara, waɗanda ke da wasu halayen gado na kwayoyin halitta, na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin kamuwa da heat stroke ko da a yanayin da zafin bai yi tsanani sosai ba.[10]

Matakan rigakafin sun haɗa da shan isasshen ruwa da kuma guje wa fuskantar matsanancin zafi. Ana magance bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke) ta hanyar sanyaya jikin mutum cikin gaggawa da kuma ba da kulawar tallafi.[11]

Hanyoyin da ake ba da shawara sun haɗa da fesa wa mutum ruwa sannan a yi amfani da fanka, sanya shi cikin ruwan ƙanƙara, ko kuma ba shi ruwan magani ta jijiya mai sanyi. Sanya fakitin ƙanƙara a sassan jikin mutum ma yana taimakawa, amma yin hakan shi kaɗai ba ya kai ga sanyaya jiki cikin mafi saurin lokacin da zai yiwu.[12]

Bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke) yana haddasa mutuwar mutane sama da 600 a kowace shekara a Amurka.[13]Yawan mutanen da ke mutuwa sakamakon heat stroke ya ƙaru tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 2015.[14]

Heat stroke da aikin jiki kaɗai ya haifar da shi, duk da cewa yanayi ne na gaggawar likita, yawanci yana iyakance kansa, domin mara lafiya kan daina aikin jikin saboda ciwon tsoka ko gajiya, kuma ƙasa da kashi 5% na waɗannan lokuta ne ke kaiwa ga mutuwa.

Sai dai heat stroke da ba aikin jiki ya haifar ba ya fi zama haɗari sosai. Wani lokaci, ko mutum mai cikakkiyar lafiya, idan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayin zafi mai haddasa heat stroke ba tare da samun kulawar likita ba, yanayinsa na iya ci gaba da tabarbarewa har ya kai ga mutuwa.

Daga cikin mutanen da aka kwantar a asibiti saboda heat stroke, tsakanin kashi 21% zuwa 65% na iya mutuwa yayin da suke asibiti.[3]

Alamomi da alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gishiri na zafi gabaɗaya yana gabatar da hyperthermia na sama da 40 °C (104 °F) ° C (104 ° F) a hade tare da rikicewa.[5][15] Gabaɗaya akwai rashin gumi a cikin zafi na gargajiya, yayin da gumi gabaɗaya yana cikin zafi mai ƙarfi.[5]

Alamomin farko na bugun jini sun haɗa da canje-canje na halayyar, rikice-rikice, rikicewar, damuwa, rauni, Rashin hankali, yaƙi, magana mara kyau, ƙishirwa, da mamaki.[5] A wasu mutane da ke fama da bugun jini, an kuma bayar da rahoton fashewa da rashin lafiya.[5] Bugu da ƙari, a cikin bugun zafi na motsa jiki, mutumin da ya shafa na iya gumi sosai.[16] Rhabdomyolysis, wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar rushewar tsoka tare da samfuran rushewar tsokoki da ke shiga cikin jini kuma yana haifar da rashin aiki na jiki, ana ganinsa tare da bugun zafi.[5]

Idan aka jinkirta ba da magani, mara lafiya na iya samun lalacewar muhimman gabobin jiki, rashin sani, har ma da gazawar gabobin jiki. Idan ba a ba da magani cikin gaggawa kuma yadda ya kamata ba, bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke) na iya zama sanadin mutuwa.[17]

Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke) yana faruwa ne lokacin da tsarin daidaita zafin jiki (thermoregulation) ya kasa jurewa sakamakon haɗuwar abubuwa kamar samar da zafi mai yawa ta hanyar metabolism a lokacin aikin jiki, matsanancin zafi a muhallin da mutum yake, da kuma rashin isasshen ko gurbataccen ikon jiki na fitar da zafi. Hakan yana sa zafin jikin mutum ya tashi zuwa matakin da bai dace ba.

Wasu abubuwa da ke hana jiki sanyaya kansa kuma suke haifar da rashin ruwa a jiki (dehydration), kamar barasa, magungunan motsa jiki (stimulants), magunguna, da kuma sauye-sauyen aikin jiki da ke da alaƙa da tsufa, suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da abin da ake kira “classic” heat stroke ko heat stroke da ba aikin jiki ya haifar ba (NEHS). Wannan nau'in heat stroke ya fi faruwa ga tsofaffi da mutanen da ba su da ƙarfi ko ke fama da rauni, musamman a lokacin bazara ko yanayi mai zafi inda babu isasshen iska.[18]

Ƙananan yara suna da wasu bambance-bambancen aikin jiki (physiology) da suka danganci shekarunsu, waɗanda ke sa su fi fuskantar haɗarin bugun zafin jiki (heat stroke). Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  • Mafi girman rabon saman jiki da nauyin jiki, wanda ke sa su fi shan zafin da ke cikin muhalli.
  • Tsarin daidaita zafin jiki (thermoregulatory system) da bai kai ga cikakken ci gaba ba.
  • Raguwar yawan zufa, wanda ke rage ikon jiki na sanyaya kansa.
  • Ƙarancin rabon ƙarar jini da girman jiki, wanda ke rage ikon jiki na fitar da zafi ta hanyar karkatar da jini zuwa fata.[5]

Gidan zafi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bugun zafin jiki da aikin jiki ya haifar (exertional heat stroke, EHS) na iya faruwa ga matasa waɗanda ba su da wata matsalar lafiya ko kuma ba sa amfani da magunguna. Ya fi faruwa ga 'yan wasa, ma'aikatan da ke aiki a waje, ko ma'aikatan soja da ke gudanar da ayyukan jiki masu tsanani a lokacin zafi, da kuma ma'aikatan agajin farko waɗanda ke sanye da manyan kayan kariya na musamman.

A wuraren da ba zafi kaɗai ba ne, har ma da danshi mai yawa, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa danshi yana rage ikon jiki na sanyaya kansa ta hanyar zufa da ƙafewar zufa.

A cikin mutane da sauran dabbobin masu zafin jiki na jiki daidaitacce, yawan zafin jiki fiye da kima na iya kawo cikas ga aikin enzymes da ke daidaita mu'amalar sinadarai ta halitta waɗanda suke da muhimmanci ga numfashin ƙwayoyin halitta (cellular respiration) da kuma aikin muhimman gabobin jiki.[17]

Motoci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lokacin da zafin jiki na waje ya kasance 21 °C (70 °F) ° C (70 ° F), zafin jiki a cikin mota da aka ajiye a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye na iya wucewa da sauri 49 °C (120 °F) ° C (120 ° F). Yara ko tsofaffi da aka bari su kaɗai a cikin abin hawa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da bugun jini. "Jirgin zafi a cikin yara da tsofaffi na iya faruwa a cikin minti, koda kuwa an buɗe taga mota dan kadan. "[19]Kamar yadda waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane bazai iya buɗe ƙofofin mota ba ko nuna rashin jin daɗi ta baki (ko ta ji, a cikin mota mai rufewa), wasu a kusa da su ba za su iya lura da wahalarsu nan da nan ba. A cikin 2018, yara 51 a Amurka sun mutu a cikin motoci masu zafi, fiye da na baya na 49 a cikin 2010.[20]

Karnuka sun fi saukin kamuwa da zafi a cikin motoci fiye da mutane, saboda ba za su iya samar da gumi na jiki don sanyaya kansu ba. Barin kare a gida tare da ruwa mai yawa a ranakun zafi ana ba da shawarar maimakon haka, ko kuma, idan dole ne a kawo kare tare, ana iya ɗaure shi a cikin inuwa a waje da makoma kuma a ba shi cikakken kwano na ruwa.[21]

Ilimin jiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Pathophysiology na bugun zafi ya haɗa da matsanancin zafi wanda ya biyo bayan gazawar hanyoyin sarrafa yanayin jiki. Fiye da haka, bugun jini na zafi yana haifar da kumburi da martani na coagulation wanda zai iya lalata endothelium na vascular kuma ya haifar da matsaloli masu yawa na platelet, gami da raguwar ƙididdigar platelet, tarwatsa platelet, da kuma fitar da platelet daga ƙwayar ƙashi.[22]

Shaidar da ke ƙaruwa ta kuma nuna kasancewar hanya ta biyu da ke haifar da bugun zafi wanda ya haɗa da zafi da motsa jiki.[23] Kodayake ba a fahimci ainihin tsarinsa ba, wannan samfurin ya nuna cewa matsanancin motsa jiki da zafi suna rushe shingen hanji ta hanyar sanya shi mafi ƙwarewa da ba da izinin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) daga Kwayoyin cuta masu guba a cikin hanji don shiga cikin tsarin zagayawa.[23] Matsayi mai girma na LPS na jini na iya haifar da amsawar kumburi na tsarin kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da sepsis da sakamakonsa masu alaƙa kamar hawan jini, gazawar gabobin da yawa, necrosis, da dysfunction na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya.[23]

Binciken ganewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gishiri na zafi shine ganewar asali na asibiti, bisa ga alamomi da alamomi. Ana gano shi ne bisa ga yawan zafin jiki mai girma (yawanci sama da digiri 40 na Celsius), tarihin bayyanar zafi ko motsa jiki, da kuma rashin aiki na jijiyoyi.[5] Koyaya, yawan zafin jiki ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa bugun zafi yana nan, kamar tare da mutane a cikin wasanni masu jimiri ko tare da mutanen da ke fama da zazzabi.[24] A wasu tare da zafi, ainihin zafin jiki ba koyaushe yake sama da digiri 40 na Celsius ba.[5] Sabili da haka, ana gano bugun jini daidai bisa ga tarin alamun bayyanar cututtuka maimakon takamaiman ƙofar zafin jiki.[24] Tachycardia (ko saurin bugun zuciya), tachypnea (hanzarin numfashi) da hypotension (ƙananan hawan jini) sune binciken asibiti na yau da kullun.[5] Wadanda ke da bugun zafi na gargajiya yawanci suna da fata mai bushe, yayin da waɗanda ke da bugun jini na zafi yawanci suna leɓuna ko fata mai gumi.[5]

Babban zafin jiki (kamar zafin jiki na baya) shine hanyar da aka fi so don saka idanu kan zafin jiki a cikin ganewar asali da gudanar da bugun zafi saboda ya fi dacewa da yanayin jiki na waje (kamar yanayin baki ko axillary). [5]

Sauran yanayin da zasu iya gabatar da irin wannan ga bugun jini sun hada da meningitis, encephalitis, farfajiya, guba mai guba, rashin ruwa mai tsanani, da wasu cututtukan metabolism kamar su serotonin syndrome, ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa ƙwaƙwalwa, hyperthermia mai cutarwa da guguwar thyroid.[5]

Al'umma da al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin tatsuniyoyi Slavic, akwai wani mutum na hasken rana, Poludnitsa (mace tsakar rana), wata aljaniyar mace da ke sanye da fari wanda ke haifar da rauni ko mutuwa ga mutanen da ke aiki a cikin filayen da tsakar rana. Akwai ɗan gajeren hutu na gargajiya a aikin girbi da tsakar rana, don kauce wa hari daga aljanin. Waƙar symphonic ta Antonín Dvořák, The Noon Witch, ta samo asali ne daga wannan al'adar.

Sauran dabbobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin zafi na iya shafar dabbobi, musamman a yanayin zafi, mai zafi; ko kuma idan doki, saniya, tumaki ko wasu ba su dace ba, suna da nauyi, suna da tufafi mai yawa, suna aiki da yawa, ko kuma an bar su a cikin akwatin doki a cikin cikakken rana. Alamomin sun haɗa da nutsewa, panting, zafin jiki mai girma, gumi, da saurin bugun jini.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Herrick RT (April 1986). "Heat illness in the athlete: siriasis is serious". Alabama Medicine. 55 (10): 28, 33–28, 37. PMID 3706086.
  2. 1 2 "Warning Signs and Symptoms of Heat-Related Illness". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leon LR, Bouchama A (April 2015). "Heat stroke". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (2): 611–647. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140017. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 25880507.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Gaudio FG, Grissom CK (April 2016). "Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 50 (4): 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014. PMID 26525947.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Epstein Y, Yanovich R (June 2019). "Heatstroke". The New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (25): 2449–2459. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1810762. PMID 31216400.
  6. ↑ Bouchama A, Knochel JP (June 2002). "Heat stroke". The New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (25): 1978–1988. doi:10.1056/nejmra011089. PMID 12075060.
  7. ↑ Leon LR, Bouchama A (April 2015). "Heat stroke". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (2): 611–647. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140017. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 25880507.
  8. ↑ Gaudio FG, Grissom CK (April 2016). "Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 50 (4): 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014. PMID 26525947.
  9. ↑ Bouchama A, Knochel JP (June 2002). "Heat stroke". The New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (25): 1978–1988. doi:10.1056/nejmra011089. PMID 12075060.
  10. ↑ Wang HJ, Lee CS, Yee RS, Groom L, Friedman I, Babcock L, et al. (October 2020). "Adaptive thermogenesis enhances the life-threatening response to heat in mice with an Ryr1 mutation". Nature Communications. 11 (1). Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5099W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18865-z. PMC 7547078. PMID 33037202. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ "Tips for Preventing Heat-Related Illness|Extreme Heat". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  12. ↑ Gaudio FG, Grissom CK (April 2016). "Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 50 (4): 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014. PMID 26525947.
  13. ↑ Gaudio FG, Grissom CK (April 2016). "Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 50 (4): 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.09.014. PMID 26525947.
  14. ↑ Leon LR, Bouchama A (April 2015). "Heat stroke". Comprehensive Physiology. 5 (2): 611–647. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140017. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 25880507.
  15. ↑ McGugan EA (March 2001). "Hyperpyrexia in the emergency department". Emergency Medicine. 13 (1): 116–120. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00189.x. PMID 11476402.
  16. ↑ "InfoSheet: Protecting Workers from Heat Illness" (PDF). OSHA–NIOSH. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Empty citation (help)
  18. ↑ "Heat emergencies: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  19. ↑ Meadows M (2014). "A primer on summer safety". Academic OneFile. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  20. ↑ "2018 was Deadliest Year on Record for Hot Car Deaths". National Safety Council (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-07-08.
  21. ↑ "Dogs in Hot Cars". Partnership for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  22. ↑ Hifumi T, Kondo Y, Shimizu K, Miyake Y (2018). "Heat stroke". Journal of Intensive Care. 6. doi:10.1186/s40560-018-0298-4. PMC 5964884. PMID 29850022.
  23. 1 2 3 Lim CL (October 2018). "Heat Sepsis Precedes Heat Toxicity in the Pathophysiology of Heat Stroke-A New Paradigm on an Ancient Disease". Antioxidants. 7 (11): 149. doi:10.3390/antiox7110149. PMC 6262330. PMID 30366410.
  24. 1 2 Laitano O, Leon LR, Roberts WO, Sawka MN (November 2019). "Controversies in exertional heat stroke diagnosis, prevention, and treatment". Journal of Applied Physiology. 127 (5): 1338–1348. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00452.2019. PMID 31545156.
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