Hejazi Larabci

Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic (HA) (Arabic: اللهجة الحجازية, romanized: al-lahja al-ḥijāziyya, Hejazi Arabic: حجازي, acw), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region, one by the urban population, originally spoken mainly in the cities of Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and partially in Ta'if and another dialect by the urbanized rural and bedouin populations. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.

Rarraba

Larabci na yau ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin yarukan Tsakiya da Arewacin Arabiya waɗanda masanan ilimin gargajiya na Larabci suka raba zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku: Hejaz, Najd, da yaren kabilun da ke kusa da su. Kodayake yarukan Hejazi na zamani sun ci gaba sosai tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Larabci na gargajiya, kuma Larabci ya bambanta da yaren Hejaz na zamani. Standard Arabic yanzu ya bambanta sosai daga zamani Hejazi Arabic dangane da phonology, morphology, syntax, da lexicon, irin wannan diglossia a cikin Larabci ya fara fitowa a baya a cikin karni na shida AZ lokacin da mawaƙa na baki suka karanta waƙoƙinsu a cikin proto-Classical Arabic bisa ga archaic yarukan da suka bambanta sosai da nasu.

Urban Hejazi Larabci na cikin reshen Larabci ne na yammacin Peninsular na Harshen Larabci, wanda kansa Harshen Semitic ne. Ya haɗa da siffofi na harsunan birane da na Bedouin da aka ba da ci gabanta a cikin biranen tarihi na Jeddah, Madina da Makka kusa da kabilun Bedouin waɗanda ke zaune a gefen waɗannan biranen, ban da ƙaramin tasiri a cikin ƙamus daga wasu harsunan Larabci na birane da Larabci, kuma kwanan nan tasirin sauran harsunan Saudi Arabia, dukansu sun sanya Urban Hejazi wani yare ne na musamman amma kusa da harsunan yankin da sauran harsuna na Larabci a kan wasu.

A tarihi, ba a san shi sosai a wane mataki na Larabci canjin daga Proto-Semitic biyu /q/ qāf da /g/ gīm ya zama Hejazi /g, d͡ʒ/ gāf da jīm āج, قā, kodayake an tabbatar da shi tun farkon karni na takwas AZ, kuma ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Canjin sarkar /q/* → /g/ → /d͡ʒ/ wanda ya faru a daya daga cikin hanyoyi biyu:

1. Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic gīm /g/ palatalized zuwa Hejazi jīm /d͡ʒ/ na farko, buɗe sarari a matsayin [g], wanda qāf /q / * sannan ya koma ya cika sarari mara amfani wanda ya haifar da Hejazi gāf /g /, dawo da alaƙar tsarin da ke cikin tsarin pre-Arabic.
2. Push Chain: Proto-Semitic qāf /q/* ya canza zuwa Hejazi gāf /g/ na farko, wanda ya haifar da tura asalin gīm /g/ gaba a cikin magana don zama Hejazi jīm /d͡ʒ/, amma tunda yawancin yarukan qāf na zamani da kuma daidaitattun Larabci suma suna da jīm, sannan za a iya lalata sarkar qāf zuwa gāf da farko, kodayake akwai kyakkyawan dalili don gaskanta cewa tsohuwar qāf tana da murya [g] da kuma daga baya a kan dukkan g/[q]

Daidaita Monophthongization

Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na diphthongs guda biyu /aj/ da /aw/ a cikin zamanin Larabci na gargajiya sun sami monophthongization a cikin Hejazi, kuma ana gane su azaman dogon wasula /eː/ da /oː/ bi da bi, amma har yanzu ana kiyaye su azaman diphthonges a cikin kalmomi da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da bambanci tare da dogon wasula/, /oː /oː-/, /iː/ da/.

Ba duk lokuta na sautin tsakiya ba ne sakamakon monophthongization, wasu sun fito ne daga tsarin ilimin harshe قالوا //gaːlu/ / 'sun ce' → قالوا لها //gaːloːlaha/ / 'sun gaya mata' (a adawa da Larabci na gargajiya قالوا لها -/qaːluː lahaː//), kuma wasu suna faruwa a cikin Kalmomin Portmanteau na zamani misali ليش /leːʃ/ 'me ya sa?' (daga Larabci ta gargajiya لأي /liʔ/ 'don menene' da kuma Resanya /ʃaj /ʃ).

Kalmomin kalmomi

Kalmomin Hejazi sun samo asali ne daga tushen Larabci Semitic. Kalmomin Hejazi na birane sun bambanta da na wasu yaruka a yankin Larabawa. Misali, akwai ƙananan kalmomi na musamman da suka shafi rayuwar hamada, da kuma karin kalmomin da suka shafi tafiyar teku da kamun kifi. Kalmomin aro ba a saba gani ba kuma galibi na Faransanci ne, Italiyanci, Farisa, Turkiyya kuma kwanan nan na asalin Ingilishi, kuma saboda asalin mazaunan biranen Hejazi, wasu kalmomin aro suna amfani da wasu iyalai kawai. Wasu tsoffin kalmomin aro suna ɓacewa ko kuma sun zama tsofaffi saboda Tsarin Larabci na zamani da haɗin su tare da ƙananan zamantakewa da ilimi, misali, hammer //kunˈdeːʃan/ / "Mai sanyaya iska" (daga Yanayin Ingilishi) an maye gurbinsa da Standard Arabic مكيّف //mukajːif/ / .

Tsarin rubuce-rubuce

Hejazi ba shi da tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun kuma galibi yana bin ƙa'idodin rubutu na Larabci na Gargajiya . Babban bambanci tsakanin Larabci na gargajiya da Hejazi shine madadin Hamza, wasu siffofin fi'ili da kuma wasulan ƙarshe masu tsayi, wannan canjin ya faru ne tunda an cire yawancin gajerun wasalan kalmomi na ƙarshe daga lokacin gargajiya kuma an gajarta yawancin wasalan kalmomi marasa ma'ana na ƙarshe a Hejazi. Wani madadin kuma shine rubuta kalmomin bisa ga sautin da aka yi amfani da shi yayin furta su, maimakon tushen su wanda galibi yana da tasiri akan haruffa uku ⟨ث⟩ ⟨ذ⟩ da ⟨ظ⟩, misali rubuta تخين /taxiːn/ "mai kauri, mai kiba" maimakon ثخين ko kuma ديل /deːl/ "wutsiya" maimakon ذيل duk da cewa wannan canjin a rubuce ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin karɓa ga yawancin masu magana da Hejazi ba. Har yanzu haruffan suna amfani da saitin haruffa iri ɗaya kamar na Larabci na Gargajiya ban da haruffa biyu na zaɓi ⟨ پ ⟩ /p/ kuma ⟨ ڤ ⟩ /v/ waɗanda ake amfani da su ne kawai wajen rubuta kalmomin aro kuma ana iya maye gurbinsu da ⟨ب⟩ /b/ kuma ⟨ف⟩ /f/ bi da bi ya danganta da marubucin, ban da haka wasulan /oː/ da kuma /eː/ waɗanda ba su cikin jerin kalmomin CA ba, haruffan ⟨و⟩ da ⟨ي⟩ ne suka wakilta su.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin rubuce-rubucen gargajiya da Hejazi

• Hamza ⟨ء⟩ /ʔ/:
  • Initial hamza holds little phonemic value in Hejazi but it can be used as per Classical Arabic convention, e.g. أزرق /ʔazrag/ "blue" or أخذ /ʔaxad/ "he took" can be written as ازرق or اخذ but long initial /aː/ is more important to indicate, e.g. آسف /ʔaːsif/ "sorry" to differentiate it from اَسَف / أَسَف /ʔasaf/ "regret".
  • Medial hamza is merged with the semi-vowels ⟨ي⟩ and ⟨و⟩ as in رايِح /raːjiħ/ "going" from رائِح /raːʔiħ/ and لولو /luːlu/ "pearl" from لؤلؤ /luʔluʔ/, or it can be completely elided as in جات /d͡ʒaːt/ "she came" from جاءت /d͡ʒaːʔat/ or جوا /d͡ʒoː/ "they came" from جاؤوا /d͡ʒaːʔuː/, but other words keep the medial hamza as in مسؤول /masʔuːl/ "responsible" and مسائل /masaːʔil/ "issues".
  • Final hamza is omitted in most Hejazi words as in غدا /ɣada/ "lunch" from غداء /ɣadaːʔ/, خضرا /xadˤra/ "green" from خضراء /xadˤraːʔ/, but some words keep the final hamza as in مُبْتَدئ /mubtadiʔ/ "beginner" and بطء /butʔ/ "slowness".
• Added medial long vowels /aː, uː, oː, iː, eː/:
  • some words have elongated medial vowels in Hejazi as in معاك /maʕaːk/ "with you" from مَعَكَ /maʕaka/, ليك /liːk/ "to you, for you" which could be from the classical َلَك /laka/ or إِلَيْك /ʔilajka/, and مين /miːn/ "who" from مَن /man/.
  • 2nd person masculine singular imperative in hollow verbs keep their long vowels as روح /ruːħ/ "go!" as opposed to classical رُح /ruħ/ and شوف /ʃuːf/ "see!" as opposed to classical شُف /ʃuf/.
• Final added ⟨ي⟩ /i/ appears in:
  • Masculine singular imperative in final-weak verbs, as in امشي /amʃi/ "go!, walk!" as opposed to classical امشِ /imʃi/. The classical pair امشي /imʃiː/ (feminine) and امش /imʃi/ (masculine) merged into امشي /amʃi/ used as a masculine and feminine singular imperative verb in Hejazi.
  • 2nd person feminine singular past verbs, as in نسيتي /nisiːti/ "you forgot" as opposed to classical نَسِيتِ /nasiːti/. The classical pair نَسِيتِ /nasiːti/ (feminine) and نَسِيتَ /nasiːta/ (masculine) became نسيتي /nisiːti/ (feminine) and نسيت /nisiːt/ (masculine).
  • Feminine possessive and object pronoun ـكي which occurs after a long vowel, as in يعطيكي /jiʕtˤiːki/ "he gives you" as opposed to classical يُعْطِيكِ /juʕtˤiːki/. The classical pair يُعْطِيكِ /juʕtˤiːki/ (feminine) and يُعْطِيكَ /juʕtˤiːka/ (masculine) became يعطيكي /jiʕtˤiːki/ (feminine) and يِعْطيك /jiʕtˤiːk/ (masculine).
  • Feminine pronouns, as in إنتي /inti/ "you", as opposed to classical أَنْتِ /anti/. The classical pair أنْتِ /anti/ (feminine) and أنْتَ /anta/ (masculine) became إنتي /inti/ (feminine) and إنت /inti/ (masculine), but the classical form can still be used in Hejazi.
• Innovative forms:
  • Some verb forms are innovative and differ from their classical equivalents as in the common plural verb شفتوا /ʃuftu/ "you saw" pl. as opposed to classical شُفْتُم /ʃuftum/ (masculine) and شُفْتُنَّ /ʃuftunna/ (feminine), or the final-weak verbs as in جِرْيوا /d͡ʒirju/ "they ran" as opposed to classical جَرَوْا /d͡ʒaraw/ and the doubled verbs حبّيت /ħabːeːt/ "I loved" opposed to classical حَبَبْتُ /ħababtu/.
  • The verb forms V, VI and IIQ have an additional initial ⟨ا⟩ before ⟨ت⟩ /t/, so that Hejazi forms اتْفَعَّل /atfaʕːal/, اتْفَاعَل /atfaːʕal/ and اتْفَعْلَق /atfaʕlag/ correspond to classical forms تَفَعَّل /tafaʕːal/, تَفَاعَل /tafaːʕal/ and تَفَعْلَق /tafaʕlaq/, e.g. اَتْكَلَّم /atkalːam/ "he spoke" (form V), اتْعامَلَت /atʕaːmalat/ "she worked" (form VI) and اتْفَلْسَفوا /atfalsafu/ "they babbled" (form IIQ).
  • Portmanteau words have the most alternatives in their spelling since they did not occur in Classical Arabic, so the word for "still" /lisːa/ can be written لِسَّا لِسَّة or لِسَّه depending on the writer, all of these forms stemming from the classical للساعة (/lisːaːʕa/, "to the hour").
  • Loanwords can have multiple spellings as well, which is the case for the word "also" /bardˤu/ which can be written as بَرْضُه or بَرْضوبَ

An Early Qur'anic manuscript written in Hejazi script (8th century AD)