Helene Stöcker
 Helene Stöcker | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Elberfeld (en)  da Wuppertal, 13 Nuwamba, 1869 |
| ƙasa |
Deutsches Kaiserreich (mul) Weimar Republic (en) Nazi Germany (en) |
| Harshen uwa | Jamusanci |
| Mutuwa | New York, 24 ga Faburairu, 1943 |
| Yanayin mutuwa | Sababi na ainihi (sankara) |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Ma'aurata |
Bruno Springer (en) |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
Humboldt University of Berlin (en) (1896 - University of Bern (en) (1900 - |
| Matakin karatu |
doctorate (en) |
| Harsuna | Jamusanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
ɗan jarida, marubuci, gwagwarmaya, mai falsafa, edita, LGBTQ rights activist (en) , abortion rights activist (en) da Mai kare hakkin mata |
| Employers |
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (en) Lessing-Hochschule zu Berlin (en) (1901 - 1905)Mutterschutz Zeitschrift für Reform der sexuellen Ethik. (en) (1905 - 1908)Die neue Generation (en) (1906 - 1932) |
| Wanda ya ja hankalinsa |
Bertha von Suttner (mul) da Friedrich Nietzsche |
| Mamba |
German Peace Society (en) Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform (en) War Resisters' International (en) |
| Fafutuka |
pacifism (en) Feminism |
Helene Stöcker (13 Nuwamba 1869 - 24 Fabrairu 1943) yar kasar Jamus ce, mai fafutukar kawo zaman lafiya kuma mai fafutukar jinsi. Ta yi nasarar yin kamfen don tabbatar da dangantakar jima'i daya tsakanin mata ya zama doka, amma ba ta yi nasara ba a yakin da ta yi na halasta zubar da ciki. Ta kasance mai zaman lafiya a Jamus kuma ta shiga Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft . [1] Yayin da yaki ya kunno kai, ta gudu zuwa Norway. Yayin da aka mamaye Norway, ta koma Japan kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1942.
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a Elberfeld, Stöcker ya girma a cikin gidan Calvin kuma ya halarci makarantar 'yan mata wanda ya jaddada hankali da ɗabi'a. [2] Ta koma Berlin don ci gaba da karatunta sannan ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Bern, inda ta zama daya daga cikin matan Jamus na farko da suka sami digiri na uku. A cikin 1905, ta taimaka ta sami Ƙungiyar Kariyar Iyaye ( Bund für Mutterschutz, BfM), [3] [4] [5] kuma ta zama editan Mutterschutz na ƙungiyar (1905-1908) sannan kuma Die Neue Generation (1906-1932). [2]
A cikin 1909, ta shiga Magnus Hirschfeld a cikin nasarar shigar da majalisar Jamus daga shigar da mata 'yan madigo a cikin dokar da ta haramta luwadi . Sabuwar falsafar Stöcker mai tasirin gaske, wacce ake kira New Ethic, ta ba da shawarar daidaiton 'ya'yan shege, halatta zubar da ciki, da ilimin jima'i, duk a cikin hidimar samar da zurfafa dangantaka tsakanin maza da mata wanda a karshe zai cimma daidaiton siyasa da zamantakewar mata. An karɓo wannan da takaici daga ƙarin ƙungiyoyin mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Imperial Jamus. [3]
_Helene_St%C3%B6cker.jpg)
A lokacin yakin duniya na daya da lokacin Weimar, sha'awar Stöcker ya koma ayyuka a cikin motsin zaman lafiya . A cikin 1921 a Bilthoven, tare da Kees Boeke da Wilfred Wellock, ta kafa ƙungiya mai suna Paco (kalmar Esperanto don "zaman lafiya") kuma daga baya aka sani da War Resisters' International ( Internationale der Kriegsdienstgegner, WRI). Har ila yau, ta kasance mai himma sosai a cikin motsin gyaran jima'i na Weimar. Kungiyar Bund für Mutterschutz ta dauki nauyin wasu asibitocin kula da jima'i, wadanda ke daukar ma'aikata na kwance da kuma na likitoci, inda mata da maza za su iya zuwa neman maganin hana haihuwa, shawarar aure, da kuma zubar da ciki da kuma hana haihuwa. Daga 1929 zuwa 1932, ta ɗauki matsayi na ƙarshe na haƙƙin zubar da ciki. Bayan da Paparoma encyclical, da Casti connubii, bayar a kan 31 Disamba 1930 sun yi tir da jima'i ba tare da niyyar haihuwa, [1] m jima'i motsi motsi ya hada kai da Socialist da jam'iyyun gurguzu don kaddamar da wani karshe yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan sakin layi na 218, wanda ya haramta zubar da ciki. Stöcker ta kara da sautin muryarta ga yakin neman zabe wanda a karshe ya gaza.
Lokacin da Nazis ya hau mulki a Jamus, Stöcker ya fara gudu zuwa Switzerland sannan kuma zuwa Ingila lokacin da Nazis suka mamaye Austria . Stöcker tana halartar taron marubuta na PEN a Sweden lokacin da yaƙi ya barke kuma ya kasance a can har lokacin da Nazis suka mamaye Norway, a lokacin ta ɗauki hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Trans-Siberian zuwa Japan kuma a ƙarshe ta ƙare a Amurka a 1942. Ta koma wani gida a kan Riverside Drive a NYC kuma ta mutu a can saboda ciwon daji a 1943.
Ayyukan da aka buga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1906 – Mutu Liebe kuma mutu Frauen. Ein Manifest der Emanzipation von Frau und Mann im deutschen Kaiserreich.
- 1928 - Verkünder und Verwirklicher. Beiträge zum Gewalt matsala.
Takardu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Frauen-Rundschau, 1903-1922
- Mutterschutz, jaridar Bund für Mutterschutz, wanda aka buga daga 1905 zuwa 1907.
- Die Neue Generation, 1908-1932.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Braker, Regina (2001). "Helene Stocker's Pacifism in the Weimar Republic: Between Ideal and Reality". Journal of Women's History. 13 (3): 70–97. doi:10.1353/jowh.2001.0059. ISSN 1527-2036. S2CID 143873641.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Helene Stöcker (1869-1943)" (PDF). Museum für Verhütung und Schwangerschaftsabbruch - Museum of Contraception and Abortion. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ingrid Missing or empty
|title=(help)Davies, Peter (2007), Fell, Alison S.; Sharp, Ingrid (eds.), "Transforming Utopia: The 'League for the Protection of Mothers and Sexual Reform' in the First World War", The Women's Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914–19, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 211–226, doi:10.1057/9780230210790_13, ISBN 978-0-230-21079-0, retrieved 13 May 2021,The most prominent personality in the German League was Helene Stöcker, a campaigner for sex reform and feminist causes, whose campaign for a new sexual ethics caused outrage in the conservative press, as well as consternation amongst the women's organisations of Imperial Germany.
- ↑ "Helene Stöcker Papers (DG 035), Swarthmore College Peace Collection". www.swarthmore.edu. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ↑ Leng, Kirsten (2016). "Culture, Difference, and Sexual Progress in Turn-of-the-Century Europe: Cultural Othering and the German League for the Protection of Mothers and Sexual Reform, 1905–1914". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 25 (1): 62–82. doi:10.7560/JHS25103. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 24616617. S2CID 146175792.
- Wasu kafofin
- Atina Grossmann: Gyara Jima'i: Ƙungiyar Jamus don Kula da Haihuwa da Gyara Zubar da ciki, 1920-1950. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. ISBN 0-19-512124-4
- Christl Wickert: Helene Stöcker 1869-1943. Frauenrechtlerin, Sexualreformerin da Pazifistin. Dietz Verlag, Bonn, 1991. ISBN 3-8012-0167-8
- Gudrun Hamelmann: Helene Stöcker, der 'Bund für Mutterschutz' da 'Die Neue Generation'. Haag Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1998. ISBN 3-89228-945-X
- Rolf von Bockel: Philosophin einer 'neuen Ethik': Helene Stöcker (1869-1943). 1991. ISBN 3-928770-47-0
- Annegret Stopczyk-Pfundstein: Falsafa der Liebe. Helen Stöcker ne adam wata. BoD Norderstedt, 2003. ISBN 3-8311-4212-2
Kara karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Edward Ross Dickinson, Jima'i, 'Yanci, da Ƙarfi a cikin Imperial Jamus, 1880-1914, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 2014. ISBN 1-1074-7119-2