Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)
| Heliopolis | |
|---|---|
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| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Misra |
Governorate of Egypt (en)  | Cairo Governorate (en) |
| Coordinates | 30°07′46″N 31°17′20″E / 30.129527777778°N 31.288888888889°E |
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| Altitude (en) | 22 m, above sea level |
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Heliopolis (Jwnw, Iunu; Tsohon Masarawa: 𓏌𓊖, romanized: jwnw, lit. 'The Pillars'; Coptic: ⲱⲛ, Ibrananci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki: אֹן, Romanized: ʾOn; Greek: Ἡλιούιοιοοιοιιλιούιο ο lit. 'Birnin Rana') babban birni ne na tsohuwar Masar. Ita ce babban birnin 13th ko Heliopolite Nome na Lower Misira [abubuwan da ake buƙata] da kuma babbar cibiyar addini. Wurin sa yana cikin iyakokin Ain Shams da El Matareya, gundumomi (kism) a arewa maso gabashin Alkahira.
Heliopolis na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin biranen ƙasar Masar, wanda aka mamaye tun kafin tarihin Masar.[1] Ya faɗaɗa sosai a ƙarƙashin Tsoho da Masarautun Tsakiya amma a yau galibi an lalata shi, haikalinsa da sauran gine-ginen da aka yi garkuwa da su don gina Alkahira na da. Yawancin bayanai game da tsohon birnin sun fito ne daga bayanan da suka tsira.
Babban sauran ragowar Heliopolis shine obelisk na Haikali na Ra-Atum wanda Senusret I na daular sha biyu ya gina. Ya kasance a matsayinsa na asali (yanzu a el-Masalla, El Matareya, Alkahira).[2] Babban dutsen dutsen ja mai tsayin mita 21 (69 ft) yana da nauyin ton 120 (lbs 240,000) kuma an yi imani da cewa ita ce dutsen dutse mafi tsufa a duniya.[3]
Sauran duwatsun, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Heliopolis, Romawa sun kama su bayan cin nasara a Masar. Dogon Obelisk na Vatican mai tsayin mita 25 (ft 82), wanda Emporer Caligula ne ya dauke shi, kuma yanzu yana tsaye a dandalin St. Sarkin sarakuna Augustus ya ɗauki Obelisk na Montecitorio daga Heliopolis zuwa Roma, inda ya rage.
Kananan obeliks guda biyu da ake kira Cleopatra's Needles, yanzu suna London da New York, amma kuma sun fito ne daga Heliopolis.
Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Heliopolis shine nau'in Latinised na sunan Girkanci Hēlioúpolis (Ἡλιούπολις), ma'ana "Birnin Rana". Helios, siffar rana da aka keɓance, Helenawa ne suka gano su tare da gumakan Masarawa na Ra da Atum, waɗanda babbar ƙungiyarsu ta kasance a cikin birni.
Sunansa na asali iwnw "The Pillars". Ba a tabbatar da ainihin lafazin lafazin ba saboda tsohuwar Masarawa ta ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci kawai.[4]
Rubutunsa na al'ada na Masarautar Iunu amma ya bayyana a matsayin ʾOn (Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki: אֹן) a cikin Farawa 41:45 da 50 da ʾĀwen (אָוֶן) a cikin Ezekiel 30:17 da Amos 1:5 (da alama Baalbek). Wannan nau'i na baya zai zama nau'i da ake sa ran a pausa, amma watakila wasa ne a kan "bautar gumaka." Wasu malaman sun sake gina lafazin sa a Masar na farko kamar *ʔa:wnu, watakila daga mazan /ja:wunaw/. Bambance-bambancen fassarar sun haɗa da Awnu da Annu. Sunan ya tsira a matsayin 'yan Koftik ⲱɩ Ōn.
Ana kiran birnin "Gidan Ra" a cikin Rubutun Pyramid, wanda ya kasance a tsohuwar Masarautar Masar.[5]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya kasance sananne a matsayin cibiyar ibada ta allahntakar hasken rana Atum, wanda ya zo an gano shi da Ra[9] sannan tare da Horus a matsayin Ra-harakhty. Babban haikalin birnin an san shi da "Babban Gidan" (Tsohon Masarawa: Pr Ꜥꜣt *Par ʻĀʾat) ko "House of Atum" (Tsohon Masari: Pr I͗tmw *Par-ʼAtāma, Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki: פתם, romanized: Pithom). Firistocinta sun kiyaye cewa Atum ko Ra shine farkon halitta, yana tashi wanda ya halicci kansa daga farkon ruwayen. Rugujewar mahimmancin rukunan Ra a lokacin daular biyar ta haifar da haɓaka Ennead, ƙungiyar manyan gumakan Masarawa guda tara waɗanda suka sanya sauran a ƙarƙashin matsayi na Ra-Atum. Manyan firistoci na Ra ba a rubuta su sosai kamar na sauran alloli ba, kodayake an gano manyan firistoci na Daular VI (c. 2345 – c. 2181 BC) kuma an tono su.
A lokacin Amarna na daular goma sha takwas, Fir'auna Akhenaton ya gabatar da wata nau'in bautar Aten na henothetic, faifan hasken rana. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukansa na ginin, ya gina haikalin Heliopolitan mai suna "Elevating Aten" (Wcs I͗tn), wanda har yanzu ana iya ganin duwatsun a wasu ƙofofin katangar birnin na Alkahira. Ibadar bijimin Mnevis, wani siffar Rana, shi ma yana da bagadinsa a nan. Wurin binne bijimin yana arewacin birnin.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Dobrowolska; et al. (2006), Heliopolis: Rebirth of the City of the Sun, American Univ in Cairo Press, p. 15, ISBN 9774160088.
- ↑ Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911). "Obelisk" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 945..
- ↑ Collier & Manley 1998, p. 29.
- ↑ Hawas, Zahi (2002). مخطوط معجم اللغة المصرية القديمة احمد كمال كمال. الجزء االثاني عشر (in Arabic). Cairo: Al-maǧlis al-aʿlá li-l-aṯār, high council of antiquities. p. 496. ISBN 9773053474
- ↑ Bonnet, Hans, Reallexikon der Ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte. (in German)