Henry Kissinger
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Henry Alfred Kissinger [lower-alpha 1] (27 ga Mayu, 1923 - 29 ga Nuwamba, 2023) ɗan diflomasiyyar Amurka ne kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka na 56 daga 1973 zuwa 1977 kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na ƙasa na 7 daga 1969 zuwa 1975, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin Richard Nixon da Gerald Ford . [2]
An haifi Kissinger a Jamus, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1938 a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira Bayahude da ya tsere daga zaluncin Nazi . Ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Bayan yaƙin, ya halarci Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya yi fice a fannin ilimi. Daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin gwamnati a jami'ar kuma ya sami suna a duniya a matsayin ƙwararre kan makaman nukiliya da manufofin ƙasashen waje . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin tunani, da kuma kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na Nelson Rockefeller da Nixon kafin Shugaba Nixon ya naɗa shi mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaron ƙasa kuma daga baya ya zama sakataren harkokin waje.
A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar aiwatar da tsarin siyasa mai amfani da aka sani da Realpolitik, Kissinger ya fara manufar zaman lafiya da Tarayyar Soviet, ya tsara bude dangantaka da China, ya shiga cikin " diflomasiyya ta shude " a Gabas ta Tsakiya don kawo karshen Yaƙin Yom Kippur, sannan ya yi shawarwari kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Paris, wadda ta kawo ƙarshen shigar Amurka cikin Yaƙin Vietnam . Saboda rawar da ya taka wajen sasanta yarjejeniyoyin, an ba shi kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 1973, wadda ta haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce . Kissinger kuma yana da alaƙa da manufofin Amurka masu rikitarwa, ciki har da harin bam da aka kai wa Cambodia, shiga cikin juyin mulkin Bolivia na 1971 da na Chile na 1973, da goyon bayan gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Argentina a Yaƙin Datti, Indonesia a mamayar da ta yi wa East Timor, da Pakistan a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci na Bangladesh da kisan kare dangi na Bangladesh . Masana da yawa a Amurka suna ɗaukar Kissinger a matsayin sakataren harkokin waje mai tasiri, [3] Masu suka sun kuma tuhumi Kissinger da laifukan yaƙi saboda yawan mace-macen fararen hula a manufofin da ya bi da kuma rawar da ya taka wajen sauƙaƙa goyon bayan Amurka ga gwamnatocin kama-karya . [4]
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Kissinger Heinz Alfred Kissinger [lower-alpha 2] a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1923, a Fürth, Bavaria, Jamus. Shi ɗan gidan Paula ne ( née mai gidanta. Stern ), daga Leutershausen, da Louis Kissinger, malamin makaranta. Yana da ƙanensa, Walter, wanda ɗan kasuwa ne. Iyalin Kissinger Bayahude ne na Jamus . [ 12 ] Kakan-kakansa Meyer Löb ya ɗauki "Kissinger" a matsayin sunan mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1817, inda ya samo asali ne daga garin Bad Kissingen na Bavarian spa . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Kissinger yana jin daɗin buga ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya buga wa ƙungiyar matasa ta SpVgg Fürth, ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙungiyoyi a ƙasar a lokacin. [5]
Aikin ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da yake yana son samun tasiri mai girma a manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka, Kissinger ya zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin harkokin waje ga yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na Nelson Rockefeller, yana mai goyon bayan takararsa ta neman takarar Republican a 1960, 1964, da 1968. [6] Kissinger ya fara haɗuwa da Richard Nixon a wani liyafa da Clare Boothe Luce ta shirya a 1967, yana mai cewa ya same shi "mai tunani" fiye da yadda yake tsammani. [ 50 ] A lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican a 1968, Kissinger ya sake yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan manufofin harkokin waje ga Rockefeller kuma a watan Yulin 1968 ya kira Nixon "mafi haɗari daga cikin dukkan mutanen da ke neman zama shugaban ƙasa". [ 50 ] Da farko ya fusata lokacin da Nixon ya lashe zaɓen 'yan Republican, Kissinger mai hazaka nan da nan ya canza ra'ayinsa game da Nixon ya tuntuɓi wani mai taimaka wa kamfen na Nixon, Richard Allen, don ya ce yana son yin komai don taimaka wa Nixon ya yi nasara. [ 51 ] Bayan Nixon ya zama shugaban ƙasa a watan Janairun 1969, an naɗa Kissinger a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Ƙasa . A wannan lokacin, ana iya cewa shi ne "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ra'ayin siyasa game da manufofin ƙasashen waje da Amurka ta taɓa samarwa", a cewar marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Niall Ferguson .
Manufofin ƙasashen waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kissinger ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Ƙasa da Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Richard Nixon kuma ya ci gaba da zama Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ƙarƙashin magajin Nixon Gerald Ford . [7] Bayan mutuwar George Shultz a watan Fabrairun 2021, Kissinger shi ne memba na ƙarshe da ya rage a Majalisar Ministocin Gwamnatin Nixon. [8]
MANAZARTA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Samfuri:Multiref
- ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
- ↑ "TRIP Snap Poll III: Seven Questions on Current Global Issues for International Relations Scholars" (PDF). p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
- ↑ "Protesters Heckle Kissinger, Denounce Him for 'War Crimes'". The Times of Israel. January 30, 2015. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
- ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
- ↑ Rothbard, Murray (May 1991). "Why the War? The Kuwait Connection". LewRockwell.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
- ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
- ↑ Robertson, Nicky; Cole, Devan (February 7, 2021). "Former Secretary of State George Shultz dead at age 100". CNN. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
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