Henry Kowa
 Henry Kowa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Henry Every |
| Haihuwa |
Newton Ferrers (mul)  , 23 ga Augusta, 1659 |
| ƙasa |
Kingdom of England (en) |
| Mutuwa |
Devon (en) , 1699 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
privateer (en) , pirate (en) da slave trader (en) |
Henry Every, wanda aka fi sani da Henry Avery (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1659; ya ɓace a watan Yuni 1696), wani lokacin ana kiransa da Jack Avery ko John Avery, [lower-alpha 1] ɗan fashin teku ne ɗan Ingila wanda ke aiki a tekun Atlantika da Indiya a tsakiyar shekarun 1690. Wataƙila ya yi amfani da laƙabi da dama a tsawon aikinsa, ciki har da Benjamin Bridgeman, kuma ma'aikatan jirginsa da abokan aikinsa sun san shi da Long Ben . [lower-alpha 2]
An yi wa Every lakabi da Arch Pirate da Sarkin Pirates ta hanyar mutanen zamaninsa, kuma ya shahara da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaftin 'yan fashin teku kaɗan da suka tsere da ganimarsa ba tare da an kama shi ko an kashe shi a yaƙi ba, kuma kasancewarsa wanda ya aikata abin da ake kira aikin fashin teku mafi riba a tarihi. [7] Duk da cewa aikin Every a matsayin ɗan fashin teku ya ɗauki shekaru biyu kacal, ayyukansa sun mamaye tunanin jama'a, sun zaburar da wasu su rungumi fashin teku, kuma sun haifar da rubuce-rubuce na adabi. Ya fara aikinsa na fashin teku tun yana abokin aikinsa na farko a cikin jirgin ruwan yaƙi Charles II . Yayin da jirgin ke makale a tashar jiragen ruwa ta arewacin Spain ta Corunna, ma'aikatan jirgin sun nuna rashin gamsuwa yayin da Spain ta kasa isar da wasiƙar ma'aikata kuma masu mallakar Charles II ' kasa biyan albashinsu, don haka suka yi tawaye . An sake wa Charles II suna Fancy kuma ma'aikatan jirgin sun zaɓi Every kyaftin ɗinsa.
An kai wani samame mafi shahara a kan ayarin jiragen ruwa na Grand Mughal guda 25 da ke yin aikin hajji na shekara-shekara zuwa Makka, ciki har da Ghanjah dhow Ganj-i-Sawai mai taska da kuma rakiyarsa, Fateh Muhammed . A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1695, tare da haɗin gwiwa da jiragen ruwan 'yan fashi da makami da dama, Every ya jagoranci ƙaramin rundunar 'yan fashin teku. Sun kama har zuwa £ 600,000 na karafa masu daraja da duwatsu masu daraja (daidai da kusan £ 115.3 . miliyan a 2023 ). [7] Wannan ya haifar da mummunan lalacewar dangantakar Ingila da Mughals mai rauni. Majalisar Privy da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya sun bayar da jimillar kyautar £1,000 - wani adadi mai yawa a lokacin - don kama shi. Wannan ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farautar farko a duniya a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta. [8] [lower-alpha 3]
Duk da cewa an kama wasu daga cikin ma'aikatansa daga baya, Every da kansa ya tsere daga kamawa, ya ɓace daga dukkan bayanan da aka tattara a shekarar 1696; ba a san inda yake da ayyukansa bayan wannan lokacin ba. Labarai marasa tabbas sun ce wataƙila ya canza sunansa ya yi ritaya, yana rayuwa cikin nutsuwa har tsawon rayuwarsa a Birtaniya ko a wani tsibiri mai zafi da ba a san ko waye ba, yayin da wasu rahotanni suka yi la'akari da cewa Every ya ɓatar da dukiyarsa. [11] Ana ɗaukarsa [lower-alpha 4] a matsayin wanda ya mutu tsakanin 1699 da 1714; ba a taɓa samun dukiyarsa ba.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana kimiyya na zamani sun nuna cewa an haifi Henry Every a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1659 a ƙauyen Newton Ferrers, kimanin 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) kudu maso gabashin Plymouth, Devon, Ingila . [12] [13] Bayanan Parish sun nuna cewa shi ɗan John Evarie ne da matarsa, Anne, ba a san sunansu na farko ba. Iyalan Devon sun kasance a sansani sosai a lokacin, kuma wataƙila dangin Everys of Wycroft Castle ne . [14] Dangane da bayanin William Phillips, wani memba na ma'aikatan jirgin Every's wanda ya ba da "iƙirarin son rai" bayan kama shi, a watan Agusta 1696 Every yana "shekaru kimanin 40," mahaifiyarsa tana zaune "kusa da Plymouth," kuma matarsa mai sayar da periwig ce wacce ke zaune "a Babban Titin Ratcliffe ." Ya auri Dorothy Arther a St James Duke's Place da ke Landan a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1690. [15] Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa yana da 'ya'ya.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ All surviving government documents from Every's time give his name as "Henry Every" (occasionally spelt "Avery" and "Evarie" in contemporary records), and "Henry Every" is how the pirate signed his name.[1][2][3][4] The name "John Avery" appears in the 1709 pamphlet The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery, but the memoir is a work of fiction. Daniel Defoe later borrowed this name for his 1720 book The King of Pirates, and the usage of "John Avery" continued afterwards, most notably by the Dictionary of National Biography.[5] (The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, published in September 2004, uses "Henry Avery.") Although it is possible that "John Avery" was one of the pirate's aliases, there are no known records of him ever using this name.
- ↑ The meaning of the nickname "Long Ben," which appears in usage as early as 1693, is unclear. Some have speculated that it referred to Every's height, the pirate having once been described as "a tall, strongly built man".[6]
- ↑ Between 1689 and 1740 the average wages for an honest merchant seaman was 25 to 55 shillings per month, or about £15 to £33 per year.[9] Many ordinary sailors earned even less than that, with a monthly pay of less than £2.[10] A sum of £1,000 equalled a lifetime of work or more,[9] meaning that a prudent sailor could retire for life.
- ↑ There is no reliable evidence for Every's death date.
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- ↑ Rogoziński 2000, p. 80
- ↑ Konstam 2008, p. 254
- ↑ Jameson 1923, pp. 153–188
- ↑ Pringle 2001, p. 139
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Baer2005, p.93". - 1 2 Burgess 2009a
- ↑ Burgess 2009a
- 1 2 Davis 1962, pp. 136–137
- ↑ Baer 2005, p. 103
- ↑ Woodard 2007
- ↑ Baer 2005
- ↑ Woodard 2007
- ↑ Rogoziński 2000
- ↑ Fox 2008