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Hertha Ayrton

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Hertha Ayrton
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Phoebe Sarah Marks
Haihuwa Portsea Island (en) Fassara, 28 ga Afirilu, 1854
ƙasa United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Birtaniya
Ƙabila Yahudawa
Mutuwa Lancing (en) Fassara, 23 ga Augusta, 1923
Makwanci Brompton Cemetery (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama William Edward Ayrton (mul) Fassara  (6 Mayu 1885 -  1908)
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta University of London (en) Fassara
University of Cambridge (mul) Fassara
Girton College (en) Fassara
(1877 - 1881)
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a masanin lissafi, injiniyan lantarki, physicist (en) Fassara, inventor (en) Fassara, Mai kare hakkin mata, suffragette (en) Fassara, suffragist (en) Fassara da marubuci
Kyaututtuka

Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton (28 Afrilu 1854 - 26 Agusta 1923 ) ta kasance injiniyar lantarki ta Burtaniya, masanin lissafi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma mai kirkiro, kuma mai ba da izini. An san ta a rayuwar manya kamar Hertha Ayrton, an haife ta Phoebe Sarah Marks, Royal Society ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Hughes Medal saboda aikinta a kan Arcs na lantarki da alamun ripple a cikin yashi da ruwa.

Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

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An haifi Hertha Ayrton Phoebe Sarah Marks a Portsea, Hampshire, Ingila, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1854. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta tana da sunan Saratu. Ita ce ta uku na wani mai yin agogo na Yahudawa mai suna Levi Marks, baƙo daga Tsarist Poland; da Alice Theresa Moss, mai sutura, 'yar Joseph Moss, ɗan kasuwa na gilashi na Portsea . [1] Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1861, ya bar mahaifiyar Sarah da yara bakwai da ake sa ran na takwas. Daga nan sai Saratu ta ɗauki wasu nauyin kula da ƙananan yara.

George Eliot ya goyi bayan aikace-aikacen Ayrton zuwa Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge. A can, Ayrton ya yi karatun lissafi kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Richard Glazebrook ne ya horar da shi. Ta kuma gina sphygmomanometer (mita matsin jini), ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ta kafa ƙungiyar kashe gobara ta Girton, kuma, tare da Charlotte Scott, ta kafa kulob din lissafi. A shekara ta 1880, Ayrton ta wuce Tripos na lissafi, amma Cambridge ba ta ba ta digiri na ilimi ba saboda a lokacin ba ta ba da cikakken digiri ga mata ba. Ayrton ta wuce jarrabawar waje a Jami'ar London, wanda ya ba ta digiri na farko a Kimiyya a shekara ta 1881.[2][3]

An haifi Ayrton a matsayin Bayahude amma ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a lokacin da take matashiya. Ta karɓi sunan "Hertha", waka abokinta Ottilie Blind ya ba ta sunan laƙabi, bayan jarumi mai suna Algernon Charles Swinburne wanda ya soki addinin da aka tsara.[4][5]

Ayyukan lissafi da aikin injiniyan lantarki

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Bayan ta dawo London, Ayrton ta sami kuɗi ta hanyar koyarwa da zane-zane, ta gudanar da kulob din ga 'yan mata masu aiki, kuma ta kula da' yar'uwarta mara lafiya. Ta kuma yi amfani da ƙwarewarta ta lissafi - ta koyar a makarantar sakandare ta Notting Hill da Ealing, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin tsarawa da warware matsalolin lissafi, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su a cikin "Matsalar Lissafi da Maganarsu" daga Educational Times . A cikin 1884 Ayrton ya ba da izini [6] mai raba layi, kayan aikin zane na injiniya don raba layi zuwa kowane adadin sassan daidai da kuma fadadawa da rage adadi. Mai raba layin shine babban abin da ta kirkira na farko kuma, yayin da amfani da shi na farko zai iya zama ga masu fasaha don fadadawa da raguwa, yana da amfani ga gine-gine da injiniyoyi.[7] Aikace-aikacen takardar shaidar Ayrton ya sami tallafin kuɗi daga Louisa Goldsmid da mata Barbara Bodichon, waɗanda tare suka inganta isasshen kuɗi don fitar da takardun shaida; an nuna kirkirar a Nunin Loan na Masana'antar Mata kuma sun sami kulawa da manema labarai sosai. Takardar shaidar Ayrton ta 1884 ita ce ta farko daga cikin mutane da yawa - daga 1884 har zuwa mutuwarta, Hertha ta yi rajistar takardun shaida 26: biyar a kan masu rarraba lissafi, 13 a kan fitilu da lantarki, sauran a kan motsi na iska.

A shekara ta 1884 Ayrton ya fara halartar darussan maraice kan wutar lantarki a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Finsbury, wanda Farfesa William Edward Ayrton ya gabatar, majagaba a aikin injiniya da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ɗan'uwan Royal Society. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 1885 ta auri tsohon malaminta, kuma daga baya ta taimaka masa da gwaje-gwaje a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da wutar lantarki. Ta kuma fara bincikenta game da halaye na wutar lantarki.[1]

A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, hasken lantarki yana amfani sosai don hasken jama'a. Halin arcs na lantarki don yin fitila da murmushi babban matsala ne. A shekara ta 1895, Hertha Ayrton ta rubuta jerin labarai ga Electrician, ta bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun kasance sakamakon iskar oxygen da ke shiga cikin hulɗa tare da sandunan carbon da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar bakan. A shekara ta 1899 ita ce mace ta farko da ta karanta takarda ta kanta kafin Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki (IEE). Takardar ta tana da taken "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". Ba da daɗewa ba, an zabi Ayrton a matsayin mace ta farko a cikin IEE; mace ta gaba da za a shigar da ita cikin IEE ita ce Dorothy Smith a shekara ta 1958. [6] Ta yi kira da ta gabatar da takarda a gaban Royal Society amma ba a yarda da ita ba saboda jima'i kuma John Perry ya karanta "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc" a madadin ta a 1901. Ayrton kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo daga Society, Hughes Medal, wanda aka ba ta a 1906 don girmama bincikenta game da motsi na ripples a cikin yashi da ruwa da aikinta a kan wutar lantarki.[1] A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara, aikin Ayrton a fagen injiniyan lantarki an san shi sosai, a cikin gida da kuma duniya. A taron mata na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a London a shekara ta 1899, ta jagoranci sashen kimiyyar jiki. Ayrton ya kuma yi magana a Taron Lantarki na Duniya a Paris a cikin 1900. Nasararta a can ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya don ba da damar mata su yi aiki a kwamitocin gaba ɗaya da na sashi. A cikin tarihin aikin gida a cikin tsibirin Burtaniya, Caroline Davidson ta kira Ayrton daya daga cikin "mata masu amfani da wutar lantarki" waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban wutar lantarki ta hanyoyin da suka canza aikin mata a cikin gidaje.

A cikin 1902, Ayrton ta buga The Electric Arc, taƙaitaccen bincikenta da aikinta a kan wutar lantarki, tare da asali a cikin labarinta na farko daga Electrician da aka buga tsakanin 1895 da 1896. Tare da wannan littafin, gudummawar da ta bayar a fagen injiniyan lantarki ta fara zama siminti. Koyaya, da farko aƙalla, Ayrton ba a karɓa da kyau ba daga manyan al'ummomin kimiyya na gargajiya kamar Royal Society. Bayan da aka buga The Electric Arc, an gabatar da Ayrton a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society ta sanannen injiniyan lantarki John Perry a cikin 1902. Majalisar Royal Society ta ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen ta, wanda ya ba da umarnin cewa mata masu aure ba su cancanci zama Fellows ba.[8] Koyaya, a cikin 1904, ta zama mace ta farko da ta karanta takarda a gaban Royal Society lokacin da aka ba ta damar karanta takarda "The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks" kuma daga baya aka buga wannan a cikin Proceedings of the Royal Society . [3][9] A shekara ta 1906, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Hughes ta Royal Society "don bincikenta na gwaji a kan wutar lantarki, da kuma kan yashi. " Ita ce ta biyar da ta karɓi wannan kyautar, wanda aka ba ta kowace shekara tun 1902, don nuna godiya ga binciken asali a cikin kimiyyar jiki, musamman wutar lantarki da magnetism ko aikace-aikacen su, kuma tun daga 2018, ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kawai da aka girmama, ɗayan shine Michele Dougherty a cikin 2008.[3][10]

Taimako ga 'yancin mata

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Yayinda take matashiya, Ayrton ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata, ta shiga WSPU a 1907 bayan ta halarci bikin tare da fursunoni da aka saki. A cikin 1909 Ayrton ya buɗe rana ta biyu ta Knightsbridge "Nunawar Mata da Sayar da Ayyuka a cikin Launuka" wanda ya haɗa da sabon samfurin keke da aka fentin a cikin purple, fari da kore kuma aka ɗaga daga ɗakunan 50 da shayi da dai sauransu. £ 5,664 don motsi.[11] Ayrton ya kasance tare da tawagar da ta tafi tare da Emily Pankhurst don ganin Firayim Minista kuma ya sadu da sakatarensa na sirri a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1910 (Black Friday). Ayrton ta ba da izinin Christabel Pankhurst don canja wurin kuɗi zuwa asusun bankin ta don kauce wa kwacewa a 1912, kuma ta dauki bakuncin Pankhurth a lokutan warkewa daga ɗaurin kurkuku da ciyar da tilas. Ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin sake kama Pankhurst a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1913 don ci gaba da hukuncin ta an kore shi ta hanyar 'yan mata da ke yin zanga-zanga a waje, amma daga ƙarshe an sake kama Pinkhurst a waje da gidan Ayrton a kan hanyar zuwa jana'izar Emily Davison (wanda aka kashe bayan ya gudu a gaban doki na Sarki a Derby).

Ayrton abokiyar masanin kimiyya Marie Curie ce kuma ta ba 'yarta, Irène Curie, darussan lissafi. Kodayake Curie yawanci ta zaɓi hana sunanta daga korafe-korafe, Ayrton ta sami nasarar shawo kanta ta sanya hannu kan zanga-zangar adawa da ɗaurin mata ta hanyar 'yarta [bayani ana buƙata].[12] 

Ta hanyar gwagwarmayar neman zabe ne ta sadu da Barbara Bodichon, wata 'yar'uwarta kuma co-kafa Kwalejin Girton ta Cambridge. Bodichon ya taimaka wajen ba da damar kudi ga Ayrton don halartar Girton kuma ya ci gaba da tallafa mata da kudi a duk lokacin da take karatu da kuma aiki, gami da ba da dukiyarta ga Ayrton.[13]

Rayuwa da bincike na baya

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Ayrton ya gabatar da takardu bakwai a gaban Royal Society tsakanin 1901 da 1926, na karshe bayan mutuwarsa.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]Ta kuma gabatar da sakamakon bincikenta a gaban masu sauraro a Ƙungiyar Burtaniya da Kungiyar Jiki. Ayrton ya kuma kirkiro fan da ke aiki da hannu don kawar da iskar gas mai guba daga rami a gaba. Na'urar tana da zane mai hana ruwa wanda ke goyan bayan igiyoyi na sanda tare da igiyoyi biyu da kuma maɓallin hickory. Ofishin Yakin ya watsar da kirkirar da farko, har sai musayar manema labarai ta biyo baya, kuma a ƙarshe sun ba da "Ayrton Fans" 104,000 ga sojoji a yammacin gaba.[21]

Ayrton ta shafe sauran aikinta a cikin bincike don share tururi mai guba daga ma'adinai da magudanar ruwa kuma ta shiga cikin sabuwar kungiyar International Federation of University Women . [22] Ayrton ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'o'i ta Duniya a cikin 1919 da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Kimiyya ta Kasa a cikin 1920.

Ta mutu daga guba a jini (wanda ya haifar da cin kwari) a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1923 a New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex .

Rayuwa ta mutum

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A shekara ta 1885, Ayrton ta auri gwauruwa William Edward Ayrton, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyan lantarki wanda ke tallafawa ayyukanta na kimiyya. Ayrton ta girmama Barbara Bodichon ta hanyar sanya wa ɗanta na farko suna, 'yar da aka haifa a 1886, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton (1886-1950). An kira 'yar "Barbie", kuma daga baya ta zama memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Jam'iyyar Labour . Dan 'yarta shi ne mai zane Michael Ayrton .

Hertha da William Ayrton sun yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da mai zane-zane da kuma mai ba da izini Ernestine Mills bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar Mills Emily "Mynie" Ernest Bell a cikin 1893. (Mahaifinta, marubucin Thomas Evans Bell, ya mutu a shekara ta 1887.) Sun kasance kusa kuma a watan Mayu 1915, Hertha Ayrton ta gwada 'mai tsayayya da gas' a cikin lambun baya na Mills a Kensington. Daga baya aka karbe shi azaman na'urar don share iskar sinadarai masu guba daga ramukan Birtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. An canza labarin zuwa wani yanayi a cikin littafin 1924 The Call wanda 'yar Ayrton Edith Zangwill, 'yar William da matarsa ta farko, likita Matilda Chaplin Ayrton ta rubuta).[23][24]

Gidan Ayrton a 41 Norfolk Square a Paddington ya sami takardar shaidar Turanci Heritage blue a cikin 2007.

Bikin Tunawa

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  • Shekaru biyu bayan mutuwarta a 1923, abokiyar rayuwar Ayrton Ottilie Hancock ta ba da kyautar Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship a Kwalejin Girton . [3] Wannan zumunci ya ci gaba a yau.[25]
  • Wani tambari mai launin shudi da aka bayyana a 2007 yana tunawa da Ayrton a 41 Norfolk Square a Paddington . [26]
  • A shekara ta 2009, Panasonic Trust ta kaddamar da Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship don yin bikin cika shekaru 25 na amincewar. Manufarta ita ce inganta ci gaba da ilimi na kungiyoyin da ba su da wakilci a cikin aikin injiniya ta hanyar tallafawa injiniya mai cancanta don nazarin karatun digiri na cikakken lokaci wanda ke da alaƙa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ko wasu fasahar muhalli.[27]
  • A shekara ta 2010, wani kwamitin mata Fellows na Royal Society da masana tarihi na kimiyya sun zabi Ayrton a matsayin daya daga cikin mata goma mafi rinjaye na Burtaniya a tarihin kimiyya.
  • A cikin 2015, British Society for the History of Science ta kirkiro Kyautar Ayrton don ayyukan yanar gizo da haɗin dijital a tarihin kimiyya. Ya ba da kyautar farko ga Voices of Science Archived , aikin British Library. [28]
  • A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2016, Google ta yi bikin ranar haihuwar Ayrton ta 162 tare da Google Doodle a shafinta na farko.
  • A cikin 2016 Majalisar Jami'ar Cambridge ta amince da amfani da sunan Ayrton don nuna alama ta jiki na Ci gaban Arewa maso Yammacin Cambridge. [29]
  • Takardar Ayrton a kan 'The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks' ta yi wahayi zuwa ga zane-zane ta Artist in Residence a Kwalejin Girton 2016-2017, Yelena Popova 'Ripple-Marked Radiance'.[30]
  • A cikin 2017 Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam ta ba da sunan sabon cibiyar STEM bayan Ayrton.[31]
  • A watan Fabrairun 2018, an bayyana Blue Plaque a cikin girmamawar Ayrton a kan Queen Street, Portsmouth . [32][33][34] Har ila yau, birnin yana alfahari da titin da aka sanya masa suna a kan The Hard, a cikin lambar gidan waya PO1 3DS.[35][32]
  • A watan Satumbar 2019, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kaddamar da Asusun Hertha Ayrton (har zuwa £ 1 biliyan na tallafin tallafi) don ba kasashe masu tasowa damar samun sabbin fasahar zamani don taimakawa wajen rage hayakin su da kuma cimma burin canjin yanayi na duniya.[36]
  • A watan Satumbar 2021 an ba da sunan bikin 'The Ayrton Berth' a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Portsmouth International Port (UK).[37]

Masu karɓar Binciken Bincike na Hertha Ayrton

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Masu karɓar haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da masanin ilimin ƙasa Dorothy Helen Rayer, wanda ya riƙe shi daga 1936-1938. [38]

Dubi kuma

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  • Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Hertha Ayrton". Archives Biographies. Institution of Engineering and Technology. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  2. ↑ "Phoebe Sarah Hertha Marks Ayrton". MacTutor (in Turanci). University of St Andrews. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Riddle, Larry (25 February 2016). "Hertha Marks Ayrton". Biographies of Women Mathematicians. Agnes Scott College. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "Hertha Ayrton". NNDB. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  5. ↑ "Hertha Ayrton: pioneering inventor and suffragette – Physics World". Physics World. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named oxdnb
  7. ↑ Bruton, Elizabeth (2018). "The life and material culture of Hertha Ayrton". Science Museum Group Journal (in Turanci). 10 (10). doi:10.15180/181002. ISSN 2054-5770.
  8. ↑ Henderson, Felicity (8 March 2012). "Hertha Ayrton and an Embarrassing Episode in the History of the Royal Society". The Repository. Royal Society. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  9. ↑ Ayrton, Hertha (21 October 1910). "The Origin and Growth of Ripple-Mark". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 84 (571): 285–310. Bibcode:1910RSPSA..84..285A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1910.0076. JSTOR 93297.
  10. ↑ "Hughes Medal | Royal Society". royalsociety.org.
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  13. ↑ "Hertha Marks Ayrton". cwp.library.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  14. ↑ Ayrton, the late Mrs. H. (1 November 1926). "Primary and secondary vortices in oscillating fluids: their connection with skin friction". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 113 (763): 44–45. Bibcode:1926RSPSA.113...44A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0138.
  15. ↑ Ayrton, Mrs. Hertha (9 October 1919). "On a new method of driving off poisonous gases". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 96 (676): 249–256. Bibcode:1919RSPSA..96..249A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1919.0051.
  16. ↑ Ayrton, Mrs. Hertha (1 July 1915). "Local difference of pressure near an obstacle in oscillating water". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 91 (631): 405–410. Bibcode:1915RSPSA..91..405A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1915.0031.
  17. ↑ Ayrton, Mrs. Hertha; Ayrton, late Prof. W. E. (21 October 1910). "The origin and growth of ripple-mark". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 84 (571): 285–310. Bibcode:1910RSPSA..84..285A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1910.0076.
  18. ↑ Ayrton, Mrs. Hertha (6 April 1908). "On the non-periodic or residual motion of water moving in stationary waves". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 80 (538): 252–260. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..80..252A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0022.
  19. ↑ Ayrton, (Mrs.) Hertha (1 January 1902). "V. The mechanism of the electric arc". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 199 (312–320): 299–336. doi:10.1098/rsta.1902.0016.
  20. ↑ Ayrton, (Mrs.) Hertha (1 January 1901). "The mechanism of the electric arc". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 68 (442–450): 410–414. doi:10.1098/rspl.1901.0069.
  21. ↑ "Hertha Marks Ayrton | Lemelson". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  22. ↑ "Hertha Marks Ayrton | Lemelson". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  23. ↑ "Celebrating the life of Hertha Ayrton". Science Museum Blog (in Turanci). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  24. ↑ "Humanist Heritage: Ernestine Mills (1871-1959)". Humanist Heritage (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  25. ↑ "Girton College – Fellows". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  26. ↑ "Ayrton, Hertha (1854–1923)". English Heritage. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  27. ↑ "Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship". Panasonic Trust Fellowships. Royal Academy of Engineering. n.d. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016.
  28. ↑ British Society for the History of Science (n.d.). "Ayrton Prize". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. ↑ Administrator (29 January 2015). "Street Naming". www.nwcambridge.co.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  30. ↑ "Science Meets Art at Girton". Girton College (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  31. ↑ "Engineering students get an £11m new home at Sheffield Hallam". Sheffield Hallam University. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "City celebrates a true female inspiration". www.portsmouth.co.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  33. ↑ "Hertha Ayrton recognised with a Blue Plaque in Portsea". Flick Drummond (in Turanci). 8 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  34. ↑ Plaques, Open. "Hertha Ayrton blue plaque". openplaques.org.
  35. ↑ "The Hard & Hertha Ayrton Way". The Hard & Hertha Ayrton Way (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  36. ↑ "British scientists to help tackle climate change through new £1 billion fund". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  37. ↑ "Berth of a new era as Ceremonial Name announced". portsmouth-port.co.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  38. ↑ Varker, W. John (2005-01-01). "Dorothy Helen Rayner, 1912–2003". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (in Turanci). 116 (1): 69–70. Bibcode:2005PrGA..116...69V. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(05)80019-7. ISSN 0016-7878.

Ƙarin karantawa

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  • Tunatarwa na Hertha Ayrton ta hanyar A. P. Trotter a cikin CWP a UCLA
  • Johnson, James (1909). "Women Inventors and Discoverers". Cassier's Magazine: 548–553.
  • Joan Mason (2006) "Hertha Ayrton" a cikin OUT OF THE SHADOWS: Gudummawar Mata na karni na 20 ga Physics Nina Byers da Gary Williams, ed., Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
  • Glenis Moore (1986). "Hertha Ayrton – first lady of the IEE". Electronics and Power. 32 (8): 583. doi:10.1049/ep.1986.0353.
  • Hertha Ayrton, 1854-1923, A Memoir by Evelyn Sharp, Edward Arnold & Co., 1 Janairu 1926

Haɗin waje

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