Heyran Donboli
 Heyran Donboli | |
|---|---|
.JPG) | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Tabriz da Nakhchivan (en)  , |
| ƙasa | Iran |
| Mutuwa | Iran, |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna |
Farisawa Azerbaijani (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | maiwaƙe da marubuci |
Heyran Donboli wata mawaki ce ta kasar Iran wacce ta kirkiro ayyuka a Farisa, da kuma wasu a cikin Turkic na Azerbaijan .[lower-alpha 1] An haife ta tsakanin shiekara ta 1785-1790, ta kasance memba na kabilar Turkic mai magana da harshen Kurdish Donboli a yankin Azerbaijan . Sunan ta da kuma wurin haihuwarta ba su da tabbas, tare da shawarwari ciki har da Nakhchivan, Tabriz da Urmia. Bayan da Iran ta ba da Nakhchivan ga Rasha a 1813, ita da iyalinta suka koma kudu da Kogin Aras, suka zauna a ƙauyen Khaneqah Sorkh . Waƙoƙin Heyran, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da harshe mai sauƙi da kuma nuna motsin rai game da abubuwan da mata ke fuskanta, ba su da yawa a Qajar Iran, inda karatu da rubutu ya kasance ƙasa kuma matsayin mata na jama'a ya iyakance a cikin al'ummar da ke mamaye maza. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar adabi ta Bazgasht-e adabi, tana ba da shawarar komawa ga salon Farisa na gargajiya.
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba. An haife ta ne tsakanin 1785-1790, [2] kuma ta kasance memba na kabilar Kurdish Donboli mai magana da Turkic, wanda ke da mukamai na gudanarwa a yankin Azerbaijan (Khoy, Tabriz da Salmas) a arewa maso yammacin Iran. [3][2] Ita 'yar ko' yar'uwar wani Karim Khan Kangarlu Donboli ce.[2] Sunan ta na ainihi ba shi da tabbas; mai yiwuwa "Jeyran", wanda mai yiwuwa ta canza saboda ya zama ruwan dare a Azerbaijan. "Heyran" sanannen sunan alkalami ne a cikin shayari; an kuma san mawaƙa maza biyu da suka yi amfani da shi, kamar Gholamreza Yazdi .[2]
An yi jayayya game da inda aka haifi Heyran, Nakhchivan, Tabriz da Urmia duk an ba da shawarar. Ta zauna a Nakhchivan tare da iyalinta da danginta, amma bayan da aka tilasta wa Iran ta ba da yankin ga Rasha a 1813, sai suka koma kudancin Kogin Aras. A can ne Karim Khan ya sadu da yarima na Iran Abbas Mirza, wanda ya ba shi mallakar ƙauyen Khaneqah Sorkh kusa da Urmia, inda iyalin Heyran suka zauna.[2] Duk da cewa ta yi aure, Heyran ba ta yi aure ba, kuma tilasta mata ƙaura daga Nakhchivan ya sa ta kasance ta rabu da abokin tarayya har abada.[2] Heyran ya ambaci annobar da ta mamaye Azerbaijan tsakanin 1828-1832, yana makoki game da mutuwar Musulmai Shia da abin ya shafa, gami da matasa.[2] Lokacin da aka haifi Naser al-Din Mirza (daga baya Naser al'Din Shah Qajar), ɗan Mohammad Shah Qajar da Malek Jahan Khanom, a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1831, Heyran ya rubuta waka don taya Malek Jahan khanom murna.[2]
Ba a tabbatar da lokacin da Heyran ya mutu ba. Masanin ilimin Iran Mohammad Ali Tarbiat ya rubuta cewa dangin Heyran sun gaya masa cewa ta mutu tana da shekaru 80. A cewar masanin wallafe-wallafen Iran Ruhangiz Karachi, waƙoƙin Heyran sun nuna cewa ta rayu a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Qajar guda uku na Iran, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834), Mohammad Shah Qajar. 1834-1848) da Naser al-Din Shah Qajar[2]
Rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Heyran's divan (tattara waƙoƙi) ya ƙunshi 3588 couplets, waɗanda ke cikin Farisa sune ghazals 333, Quatrains 68, Masnavis 16, musammats 8, waƙoƙoƙi 2, waƙoƙin labari 3, odes 5, da ode-ghazals 2. Sauran waƙoƙi 41 ne a cikin Turkic na Azerbaijan, wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙoƙi masu gauraye, ghazals da limerick.[1] Sabanin rubuce-rubucenta a cikin Turkic na Azerbaijan, ba a yi cikakken bincike game da rubuce-bucen Farisa ba.[2] Heyran ya kasance mai goyon bayan Bazgasht-e adabi, salon wallafe-wallafen da motsi wanda ya fito a karni na 18 na Iran, wanda ya ba da shawarar dawo da salon Khorasani da Iraqi a cikin wallafe-walfen Farisa. [2][4][5] Cibiyar salon ta kasance a Isfahan, amma kuma an goyi bayan ta a Azerbaijan, wanda Heyran ya taimaka wajen shahara.[2] Misali na waƙarta shine daga wadannan; [1]
"How long will you enslave me in your shackles?
Is there a God to undo your shackles? I know not what I have done that Fate
Would have me fall in your trap headlong straight"
Wata mawakiyar mace kamar Heyran ta kasance mai ban sha'awa a Qajar Iran.[2] Kimanin kashi 97% na yawan jama'a ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba, yayin da sauran kashi 3% za su iya karantawa da rubuta Farisa har zuwa iyakantaccen lokaci da kuma yawanci fahimtar Alkur'ani. 'Yan mata da ke halartar makarantun gida ba al'ada ba ce, kuma damar yin hakan ta iyakance ga' yan mata na kotu da gidaje tare da malamai. A cikin jama'a da al'umma, an ware mata.[2] Mata ne kawai daga dangin masu daraja ko jami'an gwamnati suka sami damar yin karatu ko neman aiki a cikin shayari a zamanin Qajar.[2]
Rayuwa a cikin al'umma da maza suka mamaye, mata sun sami wahalar sadarwa da motsin zuciyarsu da abubuwan da suka faru, har ma ta hanyar shayari.[2] Waƙoƙin Heyran na musamman ne saboda nuna motsin zuciyar mata, wani abu da ba a saba gani ba tsakanin waƙoƙin da mawaƙan mata suka rubuta. Ta yi amfani da rayuwarta don kwatanta a cikin waka yanayin da mata ke rayuwa a cikin al'umma inda ake sa ran su yi aiki ne kawai a gida kuma su taimaka wa wasu. Waƙoƙin Heyran da farko game da soyayya ne; rabin su suna nuna baƙin ciki na wata mawakiyar mace da ke ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwarta wanda ta bayyana a matsayin mara ban sha'awa.[2] Rubutun ta game da masoyi da ƙaunatacce wani nau'in waka ne wanda ya zama sananne a Safavid Iran. Sadarwa tsakanin masoyi da ƙaunatacce an yi alama da tashin hankali, zargi, da cin zarafi yayin da ƙaunatacciyar ta ji ƙasa da ƙaunataccen kuma ta nemi kulawa daga ƙarshen.[2]
An rubuta waƙoƙinta a cikin harshe mai sauƙi; ba su da ma'anar ɓoye ko ra'ayoyin falsafa, kuma saboda ba su da ƙunshe da ma'anoni da yawa, suna da sauƙin fahimta.[2] Tana amfani da na'urorin maganganu da aka saba amfani da su da kuma harshe na alama kamar kwatanci, kwatanci, da kuma alamomi. Ba ta amfani da adadi na magana da ke da wuyar fahimta. Ana iya samun kurakurai na harshe a cikin waƙoƙinta na Farisa. A cewar Karachi, amfani da Heyran na maimaitawa, kuma a wasu lokuta tsoffin ƙamus na iya zama saboda yaren mahaifiyarta Turkic ne na Azerbaijan. Ta kara da cewa Heyran kuma tana da waƙoƙi masu inganci, kuma tana ɗaukar ta ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan mata masu nasara na zamanin Qajar.[2][2]