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Homeostasis

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Homeostasis
type of equilibrium (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na equilibrium (en) Fassara da control (en) Fassara
Has cause (en) Fassara homeostatic process (en) Fassara da homeostatic regulation (en) Fassara

   Page Module:Excerpt/styles.css has no content.Page Module:Excerpt/styles.css has no content.A fannin ilmin halitta, homeostasis ( Birtaniya kuma homoeostasis / / ˌhoʊmiəˈsteɪs / HOH -mee - ə- STAY - sis ) shine HOH yanayin jiki da sinadarai na ciki mai ɗorewa wanda halittu masu rai ke kiyayewa. Wannan shine yanayin aiki mafi kyau ga kwayoyin halitta kuma ya haɗa da masu canji da yawa, kamar zafin jiki da daidaiton ruwa, ana kiyaye su a cikin wasu iyakoki da aka riga aka saita (kewayon homeostatic). Sauran masu canji sun haɗa da pH na ruwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, yawan sodium, potassium, da ions na calcium, da kuma matakin sukari na jini, kuma waɗannan suna buƙatar a daidaita su duk da canje-canje a cikin muhalli, abinci, ko matakin aiki. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan masu canji ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar masu sarrafawa ɗaya ko fiye ko hanyoyin homeostatic, waɗanda tare ke kiyaye rayuwa.

Ana haifar da Homeostasis ta hanyar juriya ga canji na halitta lokacin da yake cikin yanayi mafi kyau, [1] kuma ana kiyaye daidaito ta hanyar hanyoyin tsari da yawa; ana tsammanin shine babban abin da ke motsa dukkan ayyukan halitta. Duk hanyoyin sarrafawa na homeostatic suna da aƙalla abubuwa uku masu dogaro da juna don canjin da ake sarrafawa: mai karɓa, cibiyar sarrafawa, da mai tasiri. [2] Mai karɓa shine ɓangaren ji wanda ke sa ido da amsawa ga canje-canje a cikin muhalli, ko dai na waje ko na ciki. Masu karɓa sun haɗa da masu karɓar zafi da masu karɓar makamashi . Cibiyoyin sarrafawa sun haɗa da cibiyar numfashi da tsarin renin-angiotensin . Mai tasiri shine abin da aka yi niyya, don dawo da canjin zuwa yanayin da ya dace. A matakin ƙwayoyin halitta, masu tasiri sun haɗa da masu karɓar nukiliya waɗanda ke kawo canje-canje a cikin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar haɓaka ko rage yawan aiki kuma suna aiki a cikin hanyoyin amsawa mara kyau . Misali na wannan shine a cikin sarrafa bile acid a cikin hanta . [3]

Wasu cibiyoyi, kamar tsarin renin-angiotensin, suna sarrafa fiye da maɓalli ɗaya. Lokacin da mai karɓa ya ji wani abu mai ƙarfafawa, yana amsawa ta hanyar aika ƙarfin aiki zuwa cibiyar sarrafawa. Cibiyar sarrafawa tana saita kewayon kulawa - iyakoki na sama da na ƙasa da aka yarda da su - don takamaiman maɓalli, kamar zafin jiki. Cibiyar sarrafawa tana amsawa ga siginar ta hanyar tantance martanin da ya dace da aika sigina zuwa mai tasiri, wanda zai iya zama tsoka ɗaya ko fiye, gabobi, ko gland . Lokacin da aka karɓi siginar kuma aka yi aiki da ita, ana ba da martani mara kyau ga mai karɓa wanda ke dakatar da buƙatar ƙarin sigina. [1]

Nau'in 1 na mai karɓar cannabinoid, wanda ke a cikin presynaptic neuron, mai karɓar ne wanda zai iya dakatar da sakin neurotransmitter mai damuwa zuwa ga postsynaptic neuron; endocannabinoids kamar anandamide ( N- arachidonoylethanolamide) da 2-arachidonoylglycerol suna kunna shi ta hanyar tsarin siginar retrograde inda waɗannan mahaɗan ke haɗuwa ta hanyar kuma suna sakin su daga postsynaptic neurons, kuma suna komawa zuwa tashar presynaptic don ɗaurewa ga mai karɓar CB1 don daidaita sakin neurotransmitter don samun homeostasis. [1]

Sinadaran kitse masu yawan polyunsaturated sune abubuwan da suka samo asali daga omega-3 ( docosahexaenoic acid, da eicosapentaenoic acid ) ko kuma omega-6 ( arachidonic acid ). An haɗa su daga membrane phospholipids kuma ana amfani da su azaman abubuwan da suka fara amfani da su don endocannabinoids don magance manyan tasirin da ke tattare da daidaita yanayin jiki. [2]

Asalin Ma'anar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar homeostasis / / ˌhoʊmioʊˈsteɪsɪs / [ 8 ] [ 9 ] hoh - mee [3] [4] hoh-mee-oh- sis ) tana amfani da haɗa nau'ikan homeo- da -stasis, Neo-Latin daga Girkanci : ὅμοιος homoios, "kama" da στάσις stasis, "tsayawa", yana ba da ra'ayin "tsayawa iri ɗaya".

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Faransa Claude Bernard ya bayyana manufar daidaita yanayin ciki a shekarar 1849, kuma Walter Bradford Cannon ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar homeostasis a shekarar 1926. [5] [6] A shekarar 1932, Joseph Barcroft, masanin ilimin halittar jiki na Birtaniya, shi ne farkon wanda ya ce aikin kwakwalwa mafi girma yana buƙatar yanayin ciki mafi kwanciyar hankali. Don haka, ba wai kawai kwakwalwa ta tsara homeostasis na Barcroft ba - homeostasis ya yi wa kwakwalwa hidima. [7] Homeostasis kalma ce ta halitta kawai, tana nufin ra'ayoyin da Bernard da Cannon suka bayyana, game da daidaiton yanayin ciki wanda ƙwayoyin jiki ke rayuwa da rayuwa. [5] [6] Kalmar cybernetics ana amfani da ita ga tsarin sarrafa fasaha kamar thermostats, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin hanyoyin homeostatic amma galibi ana bayyana su sosai fiye da kalmar ilimin halittar jiki ta homeostasis.

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin metabolism na dukkan halittu zai iya faruwa ne kawai a cikin takamaiman yanayi na zahiri da na sinadarai . Yanayin ya bambanta da kowace halitta, kuma ko hanyoyin sinadarai suna faruwa ne a cikin tantanin halitta ko kuma a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da ita yana wanke ƙwayoyin halitta. Mafi kyawun hanyoyin homeostatic a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sune masu tsarawa waɗanda ke kiyaye abun da ke cikin ruwan da ke cikin waje (ko "yanayin ciki") akai-akai, musamman dangane da zafin jiki, pH, osmolality, da yawan sodium, potassium, glucose, carbon dioxide, da oxygen . Duk da haka, wasu hanyoyi masu yawa na homeostatic, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fannoni da yawa na ilimin halittar ɗan adam, suna sarrafa wasu abubuwa a cikin jiki. Inda matakan masu canji suka fi girma ko ƙasa da waɗanda ake buƙata, galibi ana haɗa su da hyper- da hypo-, bi da bi kamar hyperthermia da hypothermia ko hauhawar jini da hypotension .

Bambancin yanayin zafin jiki a cikin yanayin circadian, daga kimanin 37.5 °C daga karfe 10 na safe zuwa karfe 6 na yamma, kuma yana faɗuwa zuwa kimanin 36.4 °C daga 2 na safe zuwa 6 na safe

Idan wani abu yana da ikon sarrafa yanayin jiki, ba yana nufin cewa ƙimarsa dole ne ta kasance daidai a cikin lafiya ba. Misali, zafin jiki na tsakiya ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsarin homeostatic tare da na'urori masu auna zafin jiki a cikin, da sauransu, hypothalamus na kwakwalwa . Duk da haka, ana sake saita wurin da aka saita na mai daidaita yanayin jiki akai-akai. [8] Misali, zafin jiki na tsakiya a cikin mutane ya bambanta a lokacin rana (watau yana da yanayin circadian ), tare da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi yana faruwa da dare, kuma mafi girma a rana. Sauran bambance-bambancen zafin jiki na yau da kullun sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zagayowar haila . Ana sake saita wurin da aka saita na mai daidaita yanayin zafi yayin kamuwa da cuta don haifar da zazzabi. [9] Halittu suna da ikon daidaitawa kaɗan zuwa yanayi daban-daban kamar canjin zafin jiki ko matakan iskar oxygen a tsayi, ta hanyar tsarin daidaitawa . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Homeostasis ba ya sarrafa kowace aiki a jiki. Misali, siginar (ko ta hanyar ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ko hormones ) daga firikwensin zuwa mai aiki, dole ne, ta bambanta sosai domin isar da bayanai game da alkibla da girman kuskuren da firikwensin ya gano. [10] Hakazalika, martanin mai aiki yana buƙatar daidaitawa sosai don juya kuskuren - a zahiri ya kamata ya kasance kusan daidai gwargwado (amma a akasin haka) ga kuskuren da ke barazana ga yanayin ciki. Misali, hawan jini na jijiyoyin jini a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar homeostatic kuma ana auna shi ta hanyar masu karɓa a bangon baka na aortic da sinuses na carotid a farkon jijiyoyin carotid na ciki . Masu auna suna aika saƙonni ta hanyar jijiyoyi masu ji zuwa medulla oblongata na kwakwalwa wanda ke nuna ko hawan jini ya faɗi ko ya tashi, da kuma yadda yake. Daga nan medulla oblongata yana rarraba saƙonni ta hanyar motsa jiki ko jijiyoyin da ke cikin tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu zuwa ga nau'ikan gabobin masu aiki, waɗanda sakamakon haka ake canza ayyukansu don juya kuskuren hawan jini. Ɗaya daga cikin gabobin masu aiki shine zuciya wacce saurinta ke ƙaruwa ( tachycardia ) lokacin da hawan jini na jijiyoyin ya faɗi, ko kuma rage gudu ( bradycardia ) lokacin da matsin lamba ya tashi sama da wurin da aka saita. [9] Don haka bugun zuciya (wanda babu firikwensin a jiki) ba a sarrafa shi ta hanyar homeostatic ba amma yana ɗaya daga cikin martanin masu aiki ga kurakurai a cikin hawan jini na jijiyoyin jini. Wani misali kuma shine saurin gumi . Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin masu aiki a cikin sarrafa zafin jiki na homeostatic, don haka yana da bambanci sosai a cikin girman zafi wanda ke barazanar lalata zafin jiki na tsakiya, wanda akwai firikwensin a cikin hypothalamus na kwakwalwa. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Sarrafa masu canji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zafin jiki na tsakiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Tsuntsaye suna taruwa don ɗumi

Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna daidaita zafin zuciyarsu ta amfani da shigarwa daga masu karɓar zafi a cikin hypothalamus, kwakwalwa, kashin baya, gabobin ciki, da manyan jijiyoyin jini. [11] Baya ga daidaita zafin jiki na ciki, wani tsari da ake kira allostasis na iya shiga cikin aiki wanda ke daidaita hali don daidaitawa da ƙalubalen matsanancin zafi ko sanyi (da kuma wasu ƙalubale). Waɗannan gyare-gyare na iya haɗawa da neman inuwa da rage aiki, neman yanayi mai zafi da haɓaka aiki, ko haɗuwa. Tsarin thermoregulation na ɗabi'a yana da fifiko akan tsarin thermoregulation na jiki tunda canje-canje masu mahimmanci na iya shafar sauri kuma tsarin thermoregulation na jiki yana da iyaka a cikin ikonsa na mayar da martani ga yanayin zafi mai tsanani. [12]

Idan zafin jiki na tsakiya ya faɗi, jinin da ke kwarara zuwa fata yana raguwa ta hanyar tsananin toshewar jijiyoyin jini . Haka nan, kwararar jini zuwa gaɓoɓi (waɗanda ke da babban yanki na saman jiki) yana raguwa kuma yana komawa ga gaɓoɓi ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini masu zurfi waɗanda ke kusa da jijiyoyin jini (suna samar da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin jini ). Wannan yana aiki a matsayin tsarin musayar wutar lantarki wanda ke rage ɗumin jinin jijiyoyin jini kai tsaye zuwa cikin jinin jijiyoyin jini yana komawa cikin gaɓoɓi, yana haifar da ƙarancin asarar zafi daga gaɓoɓi a lokacin sanyi. [13] [14] [15] Jijiyoyin ƙashin ƙashi suna da tauri sosai, [9] ba wai kawai yana rage asarar zafi daga wannan tushen ba, har ma yana tilasta jinin jijiyoyin cikin tsarin wutar lantarki a cikin zurfin gaɓoɓi.

Yawan metabolism yana ƙaruwa, da farko ta hanyar thermogenesis mara rawa, sai kuma rawar jiki idan halayen farko ba su isa ba don gyara hypothermia .

Idan aka gano ƙaruwar zafin jiki ta hanyar thermoreceptors, glandar gumi a cikin fata tana motsawa ta hanyar jijiyoyin cholinergic masu tausayawa don fitar da gumi a fata, wanda, idan ya ƙafe, yana sanyaya fata da jinin da ke gudana ta cikinta. Hura iska wata hanya ce ta daban a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa, wanda ke sanyaya jiki ta hanyar fitar da ruwa, amma a wannan karon daga membranes na makogwaro da baki. [16]

Glucose a cikin jini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau suna aiki a cikin daidaita sukarin jini. Layin layi shine wurin da matakin glucose da sine waves ke canzawa.

Ana daidaita matakan sukari na jini a cikin iyakoki kaɗan. A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, manyan na'urori masu auna wannan sune ƙwayoyin beta na tsibiran pancreas . [17] Kwayoyin beta suna amsawa ga hauhawar matakin sukari na jini ta hanyar fitar da insulin cikin jini kuma a lokaci guda suna hana ƙwayoyin alpha maƙwabtansu fitar da glucagon cikin jini. [17] Wannan haɗin (matakan insulin mai yawa a jini da ƙarancin glucagon) yana aiki akan kyallen da ke aiki, wanda babban cikinsu shine hanta, ƙwayoyin mai, da ƙwayoyin tsoka . Ana hana hanta samar da glucose, yana ɗaukar shi maimakon haka, kuma yana canza shi zuwa glycogen da triglycerides . Ana adana glycogen a cikin hanta, amma ana fitar da triglycerides cikin jini azaman ƙananan ƙwayoyin lipoprotein (VLDL) waɗanda ƙwayoyin adipose ke ɗauka, a can don a adana su azaman mai. Kwayoyin mai suna ɗaukar glucose ta hanyar jigilar glucose na musamman ( GLUT4 ), waɗanda adadinsu a cikin bangon tantanin halitta ke ƙaruwa azaman tasirin kai tsaye na insulin da ke aiki akan waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Glucose da ke shiga ƙwayoyin kitse ta wannan hanyar ana canza shi zuwa triglycerides (ta hanyar hanyoyin rayuwa iri ɗaya da hanta ke amfani da su) sannan a adana shi a cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin kitse tare da triglycerides da aka samo daga VLDL waɗanda aka samar a cikin hanta. Kwayoyin tsoka kuma suna ɗaukar glucose ta hanyar tashoshin glucose na GLUT4 masu saurin amsawa ga insulin, sannan su mayar da shi zuwa glycogen tsoka. [18]

Faduwar glucose a cikin jini, yana sa a dakatar da fitar insulin, sannan a fitar da glucagon daga ƙwayoyin alpha zuwa jini. Wannan yana hana ɗaukar glucose daga jini ta hanta, ƙwayoyin mai, da tsoka. Madadin haka, hanta tana da ƙarfi don samar da glucose daga glycogen (ta hanyar glycogenolysis ) da kuma daga tushen da ba na carbohydrate ba (kamar lactate da de-aminated amino acid ) ta amfani da tsari da aka sani da gluconeogenesis . [19] Ana fitar da glucose da ake samarwa ta haka cikin jini yana gyara kuskuren da aka gano ( hypoglycemia ). Glycogen da aka adana a cikin tsokoki yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsokoki, kuma ana rushe shi ne kawai, yayin motsa jiki, zuwa glucose-6-phosphate sannan kuma zuwa pyruvate don a ciyar da shi cikin zagayowar citric acid ko kuma a mayar da shi lactate . Lactate da sharar da ke cikin zagayowar citric acid ne kawai ake mayar da su cikin jini. Hanta za ta iya ɗaukar lactate kawai, kuma, ta hanyar aiwatar da gluconeogenesis mai cinye kuzari, ta mayar da shi glucose. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Matakan ƙarfe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.Tsarin narkewar ƙarfe muhimmin tsari ne na ilimin halittar jiki wanda ke daidaita matakan ƙarfe a cikin jiki, yana tabbatar da cewa wannan muhimmin sinadari yana samuwa don ayyuka masu mahimmanci yayin da yake hana yuwuwar guba daga yawan guba daga baƙin ƙarfe. [20] Babban wurin shan ƙarfe shine duodenum, inda baƙin ƙarfe mai abinci ke wanzuwa a cikin nau'i biyu: ƙarfen heme, wanda aka samo daga samfuran dabbobi, da baƙin ƙarfe mara heme, wanda ake samu a cikin abincin shuka. Iron ɗin heme yana sha da kyau fiye da baƙin ƙarfe mara heme, wanda ke buƙatar abubuwa kamar bitamin C don ɗaukar shi da kyau. Da zarar ya sha, baƙin ƙarfe yana shiga cikin jini yana ɗaurewa zuwa transferrin, furotin mai jigilar kaya wanda ke isar da shi ga kyallen takarda da gabobin jiki daban-daban. Kwayoyin suna ɗaukar ƙarfe ta hanyar masu karɓar transferrin, yana mai da shi samuwa don mahimman ayyuka kamar jigilar iskar oxygen da haɗa DNA. Ana adana ƙarfe mai yawa a cikin hanta, saifa, da ƙashi a matsayin ferritin da hemosiderin. Tsarin matakan ƙarfe galibi ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar hormone hepcidin, wanda hanta ke samarwa, wanda ke daidaita sha na hanji da sakin ƙarfe da aka adana bisa ga buƙatun jiki. Rushewar sinadarin ƙarfe a jiki na iya haifar da yanayi kamar ƙarancin sinadarin ƙarfe ko matsalolin da suka shafi yawan sinadarin ƙarfe kamar haemochromatosis, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin kiyaye daidaiton wannan muhimmin sinadari ga lafiya gaba ɗaya.

Tsarin jan ƙarfe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana shanye jan ƙarfe, ana jigilar shi, ana rarraba shi, ana adana shi, kuma ana fitar da shi a cikin jiki bisa ga tsari mai rikitarwa na homeostatic wanda ke tabbatar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki akai-akai yayin da a lokaci guda ake guje wa yawan wuce gona da iri. [21] Idan aka sha isasshen jan ƙarfe na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tagulla zai taru a cikin hanta. Idan wannan raguwar ta ci gaba, yanayin rashin lafiyar jan ƙarfe na iya tasowa. Idan aka sha jan ƙarfe da yawa, yanayin wuce gona da iri na iya haifar da hakan. Duk waɗannan yanayi, rashi da wuce gona da iri, na iya haifar da rauni da cututtuka na nama. Duk da haka, saboda tsarin homeostatic, jikin ɗan adam yana da ikon daidaita nau'ikan shan jan ƙarfe don buƙatun mutane masu lafiya. [22]

An san fannoni da yawa na homeostasis na jan ƙarfe a matakin ƙwayoyin halitta. [23] Muhimmancin jan ƙarfe ya faru ne saboda ikonsa na yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da wutar lantarki ko mai karɓa yayin da yanayin oxidation ɗinsa ke gudana tsakanin Cu 1+ ( cuprous ) da Cu 2+ ( cupric ). A matsayin wani ɓangare na kusan cuproenzymes goma sha biyu, jan ƙarfe yana shiga cikin mahimman halayen redox (watau, rage oxidation) a cikin mahimman hanyoyin rayuwa kamar numfashi na mitochondrial, haɗa melanin, da haɗin gwiwa na collagen . Jan ƙarfe muhimmin ɓangare ne na enzyme na antioxidant na jan ƙarfe-zinc superoxide dismutase, kuma yana da rawa a cikin homeostasis na ƙarfe a matsayin cofactor a cikin ceruloplasmin. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Matakan iskar gas na jini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cibiyar numfashi

Ana aika canje-canje a matakan iskar oxygen, carbon dioxide, da pH na plasma zuwa cibiyar numfashi, a cikin tushen kwakwalwa inda ake daidaita su. Ana sa ido kan matsin lamba na oxygen da carbon dioxide a cikin jinin jijiya ta hanyar masu karɓar chemoreceptors na gefe ( PNS ) a cikin jijiyar carotid da kuma baka na aortic . Ana gano canji a cikin matsin lamba na carbon dioxide a matsayin canjin pH a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal ta hanyar masu karɓar chemoreceptors na tsakiya ( CNS ) a cikin medulla oblongata na tushen kwakwalwa . Ana aika bayanai daga waɗannan saitin na'urori masu auna sigina zuwa cibiyar numfashi wanda ke kunna gabobin masu tasiri - diaphragm da sauran tsokoki na numfashi . Ƙara yawan carbon dioxide a cikin jini, ko raguwar matakin oxygen, zai haifar da zurfin yanayin numfashi da ƙaruwar saurin numfashi don dawo da iskar gas ɗin jini zuwa daidaito.

Ƙarancin iskar carbon dioxide, kuma, a wani ɓangaren kuma, yawan iskar oxygen a cikin jini na iya dakatar da numfashi na ɗan lokaci, wani yanayi da aka sani da apnea, wanda masu fitar da iska ke amfani da shi don tsawaita lokacin da za su iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa.

Matsin iskar carbon dioxide na ɗan lokaci shine babban abin da ke tantance pH. [24] Duk da haka, a tsayi mai tsayi (sama da 2500) m) sa ido kan matsin lamba na iskar oxygen yana da fifiko, kuma yawan iskar oxygen yana sa matakin iskar oxygen ya kasance daidai. Tare da ƙarancin matakin carbon dioxide, don kiyaye pH a 7.4, kodan suna fitar da ions na hydrogen cikin jini kuma suna fitar da bicarbonate cikin fitsari. [25] Wannan yana da mahimmanci wajen daidaitawa zuwa tsayi mai tsayi . [26]

Iskar oxygen a cikin jini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Koda suna auna yawan iskar oxygen da ke cikin jinin jijiyoyi maimakon wani ɓangare na matsin lamba na iskar oxygen a cikin jinin jijiyoyi. Idan iskar oxygen da ke cikin jini ya yi ƙasa akai-akai, ƙwayoyin da ke da saurin amsawa ga iskar oxygen suna fitar da erythropoietin (EPO) cikin jini. Nau'in da ke aiki shine jan ƙashi wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin jini ja (RBCs, wanda kuma ake kira erythrocytes ). Ƙaruwar RBCs yana haifar da ƙaruwar hematocrit a cikin jini, da kuma ƙaruwar haemoglobin wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin ɗaukar iskar oxygen. Wannan shine hanyar da mazaunan tsaunuka masu tsayi ke samun hematocrit mafi girma fiye da mazaunan matakin teku, da kuma dalilin da ya sa mutanen da ke da ƙarancin huhu ko kuma waɗanda ke da karkacewar dama zuwa hagu a cikin zuciya (wanda jinin jijiyoyin jini ke wucewa ta huhu kuma yana shiga kai tsaye cikin zagayawar jini) suna da irin wannan babban hematocrit. [27]

Ko da kuwa matsin lamba na oxygen a cikin jini, adadin iskar oxygen da za a iya ɗauka, ya dogara ne da yawan haemoglobin. Matsakaicin matsin lamba na iskar oxygen na iya isa misali a cikin rashin jini, amma yawan haemoglobin ba zai isa ba kuma daga baya kamar yadda ake buƙata. Idan aka ba da isasshen ƙarfe, bitamin B12 da folic acid, EPO na iya ƙarfafa samar da RBC, kuma adadin haemoglobin da oxygen suna dawowa daidai. [28]

Hawan jini na jijiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

⁷Kwakwalwa na iya daidaita kwararar jini a kan nau'ikan ƙimar hawan jini ta hanyar vasoconstriction da vasodilation na jijiyoyin jini. [29]

Masu karɓar matsin lamba mai yawa da ake kira baroreceptors a bangon baka na aortic da kuma carotid sinus (a farkon jijiyar carotid ta ciki ) suna lura da hawan jini na jijiya. Ana gano ƙaruwar matsin lamba lokacin da bangon jijiyoyin suka miƙe saboda ƙaruwar yawan jini . Wannan yana sa ƙwayoyin tsokar zuciya su fitar da hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cikin jini. Wannan yana aiki akan kodan don hana fitar renin da aldosterone wanda ke haifar da sakin sodium, da kuma rakiyar ruwa zuwa cikin fitsari, ta haka ne rage yawan jini. Daga nan ana isar da wannan bayanin, ta hanyar zaruruwan jijiyoyi masu afferent, zuwa ga kwayar halittar da ke cikin medulla oblongata . Daga nan ana ƙarfafa jijiyoyin motsa jiki na tsarin jijiyoyi masu zaman kansu don yin tasiri ga ayyukan zuciya da ƙananan jijiyoyin diamita, waɗanda ake kira arterioles . Arterioles sune manyan tasoshin juriya a cikin bishiyar jijiya, kuma ƙananan canje-canje a diamita suna haifar da manyan canje-canje a cikin juriyar gudana ta cikinsu. Idan hawan jini ya tashi, jijiyoyin jini suna faɗaɗawa, wanda hakan ke sauƙaƙa wa jini barin jijiyoyin jini, ta haka yana rage su, sannan kuma yana dawo da hawan jini zuwa al'ada. A lokaci guda, ana motsa zuciya ta hanyar jijiyoyin cholinergic parasympathetic don bugawa a hankali (wanda ake kira bradycardia ), yana tabbatar da cewa kwararar jini zuwa cikin jijiyoyin ya ragu, don haka yana ƙara rage matsin lamba, da kuma gyara kuskuren asali.

Ƙarancin matsin lamba a cikin jijiyoyin jini, yana haifar da akasin haka na matsewar jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ƙaruwar bugun zuciya (wanda ake kira tachycardia ). Idan raguwar hawan jini ya yi sauri ko ya wuce gona da iri, medulla oblongata yana motsa adrenal medulla, ta hanyar jijiyoyin tausayi na "preganglionic", don fitar da epinephrine (adrenaline) cikin jini. Wannan hormone yana ƙara yawan tachycardia kuma yana haifar da matsanancin toshewar jijiyoyin jini ga dukkan gabobin jiki sai dai muhimman gabobin jiki (musamman zuciya, huhu, da kwakwalwa). Waɗannan halayen galibi suna gyara ƙarancin hawan jini na jijiyoyin jini ( hypotension ) yadda ya kamata.

Matakan calcium

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daidaita sinadarin calcium

Ana sarrafa yawan sinadarin calcium mai ionized a cikin jini (Ca2 + ) sosai ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin homeostatic guda biyu. Na'urar firikwensin ta farko tana cikin glandar parathyroid, inda manyan kwayoyin halitta ke jin matakin Ca2 + ta hanyar masu karɓar calcium na musamman a cikin membranes ɗinsu. Na'urorin firikwensin na biyu sune ƙwayoyin parafollicular a cikin glandar thyroid . Manyan ƙwayoyin parathyroid suna fitar da hormone parathyroid (PTH) sakamakon raguwar matakin calcium mai ionized a cikin jini; ƙwayoyin parafollicular na glandar thyroid suna fitar da calcitonin sakamakon ƙaruwar matakin calcium mai ionized a cikin jini.

Gabobin da ke aiki a cikin tsarin homeostatic na farko sune ƙasusuwa, koda, kuma, ta hanyar wani hormone da koda ke fitarwa zuwa jini sakamakon yawan matakan PTH a cikin jini, duodenum da jejunum . Hormone na parathyroid (a cikin yawan da ke cikin jini) yana haifar da sake cika ƙashi, yana sakin calcium cikin plasma. Wannan aiki ne mai sauri wanda zai iya gyara hypocalcemia mai barazana cikin mintuna. Yawan PTH yana haifar da fitar da ions na phosphate ta fitsari. Tunda phosphates suna haɗuwa da ions na calcium don samar da gishiri marasa narkewa (duba kuma ma'adinan ƙashi ), raguwar matakin phosphates a cikin jini, yana sakin ions na calcium kyauta cikin tafkin calcium mai ionized a cikin plasma. PTH yana da aiki na biyu akan koda. Yana ƙarfafa samarwa da sakin calcitriol, ta hanyar kodan, cikin jini. Wannan hormone na steroid yana aiki akan ƙwayoyin epithelial na ƙananan hanji na sama, yana ƙara ƙarfinsu na shan calcium daga abubuwan da ke cikin hanji zuwa cikin jini.

Hanya ta biyu ta homeostatic, tare da na'urori masu auna sigina a cikin glandar thyroid, tana sakin calcitonin cikin jini lokacin da sinadarin calcium mai ion a cikin jini ya tashi. Wannan hormone yana aiki musamman akan ƙashi, yana haifar da cire calcium cikin sauri daga jini kuma yana ajiye shi, a cikin sigar da ba ta narkewa, a cikin ƙasusuwa. [30]

Tsarin homeostatic guda biyu da ke aiki ta hanyar PTH a gefe ɗaya, da kuma calcitonin a ɗayan gefen na iya gyara duk wani kuskure da ke shirin faruwa a matakin calcium mai ionized a cikin jini ta hanyar cire calcium daga jini da kuma saka shi a cikin kwarangwal, ko kuma ta hanyar cire calcium daga ciki. Ƙwaƙwalwar tana aiki a matsayin babban wurin adana calcium (kimanin 1 kg) idan aka kwatanta da wurin adana sinadarin calcium na plasma (kimanin 180) mg). Tsarin magani na dogon lokaci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan sinadarin calcium ko kuma asararsa daga hanji.

Wani misali kuma shine mafi kyawun sinadaran endocannabinoids kamar anandamide ( N- arachidonoylethanolamide; AEA) da 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), waɗanda haɗinsu ke faruwa ta hanyar aikin jerin enzymes na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka kunna don mayar da martani ga hauhawar matakan calcium na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta don gabatar da homeostasis da rigakafin ci gaban ƙari ta hanyar hanyoyin kariya waɗanda ke hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙaura ta hanyar kunna CB1 da/ko CB2 da masu karɓa da ke maƙwabtaka da su. [31]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Page Samfuri:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ↑ Klaus Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  28. ↑ Jelkmann W (2007). "Erythropoietin after a century of research: younger than ever". European Journal of Haematology. 78 (3): 183–205. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00818.x. PMID 17253966. S2CID 37331032.
  29. ↑ "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries: Self-Learning Packet" (PDF). Orlando Regional Healthcare. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008.
  30. ↑ Felsenfeld, A. J.; Levine, B. S. (2015-03-23). "Calcitonin, the forgotten hormone: does it deserve to be forgotten?". Clinical Kidney Journal. 8 (2): 180–187. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfv011. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC 4370311. PMID 25815174.
  31. ↑ Ayakannu, Thangesweran; Taylor, Anthony H.; Marczylo, Timothy H.; Willets, Jonathon M.; Konje, Justin C. (2013). "The Endocannabinoid System and Sex Steroid Hormone-Dependent Cancers". International Journal of Endocrinology. 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/259676. ISSN 1687-8337. PMC 3863507. PMID 24369462.
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