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Hoton kogon

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Hoton kogon
genre of painting (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na rock painting (en) Fassara, mural (en) Fassara da rock art (en) Fassara
Earliest date (en) Fassara 38 millennium "BCE"
Cueva de las Manos, Perito Moreno, Argentina . An yi amfani da fasahar da ke cikin kogon tsakanin 7,300 BC da 700 AD; [lower-alpha 1] stencili, akasari hannayen hagu ana nuna su.

A ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, zane-zanen kogo nau'i ne na zane-zane na parietal (wanda kuma ya hada da petroglyphs, ko zane-zane ), ana samun su a bango ko rufin kogo . Kalmomin yawanci yana nuna asalin tarihin tarihi . Ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyya da dama sun ba da shawarar cewa mafi tsufa na irin waɗannan zane-zane ba Homo sapiens ne suka kirkiro ba, amma Denisovans da Neanderthals .

Tattaunawa game da zane-zane na tarihi yana da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar tarihin Homo sapiens da yadda 'yan adam suka sami tunani na musamman. Wasu suna nuni ga waɗannan zane-zane na tarihi a matsayin yiwuwar misalan kerawa, ruhi, da tunani a cikin mutane kafin tarihi.

Dating

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin zane-zane na siffofi, wanda ke nuna wani nau'i na dabbar da ba a san shi ba, an gano shi a cikin kogon Lubang Jeriji Saléh kuma yana da shekaru fiye da 40,000 (watakila yana da shekaru 52,000). [3]

A yanzu an gano kusan kogo 350 a Faransa da Spain wadanda ke dauke da fasaha tun zamanin da . Da farko, shekarun zane-zanen ya kasance batun cece-kuce, tun da hanyoyin kamar haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon na iya haifar da sakamako mai ɓarna idan wasu samfurori suka gurɓata, da kogo da dutsen dutse (inda aka sami fasahar parietal ) galibi ana zubar da tarkace daga lokuta masu yawa. Amma fasahar da ta biyo baya ta ba da damar yin kwanan wata da zane-zane ta hanyar yin samfurin launin launi da kansa, alamun tocila a bango, [4] ko kuma samar da adibas na carbonate a saman zanen. [5] Har ila yau, batun na iya nuna tarihin tarihi: alal misali, barewa da aka kwatanta a cikin kogon Mutanen Espanya na Cueva de las Monedas ya sanya zane-zane a cikin Ƙarshen Ice Age.

Zanen kogon da aka fi sani da shi shine jan ƙarfe na hannu a cikin kogon Maltravieso, Cáceres, Spain. An yi kwanan watan ta amfani da hanyar uranium-thorium [5] zuwa fiye da shekaru 64,000 kuma Neanderthal ne ya yi shi. [6] Mafi tsufa kwanan wata da aka ba da zanen kogon dabbobi a yanzu shine hoton wasu mutane da yawa suna farautar aladu a cikin kogon Maros-Pangkep karst na Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia, wanda ya wuce shekaru 43,900. Kafin wannan, sanannun zane-zanen kogo na alama shine na bijimin da aka yi kwanan watan 40,000, a kogon Lubang Jeriji Saléh, Kalimantan Gabas, Borneo Indonesian, da kuma hoton alade tare da mafi ƙarancin shekaru 35,400 a kogon Timuseng a Sulawesis.

Ciki na Kogon El Castillo a Puente Viesgo, Cantabria (Spain). Tun daga shekara ta 40,000 BC, El Castillo ya shirya zanen kogon kogon na farko da aka sani har zuwa yau.

Fitattun zane-zanen kogon na Turai da aka fi sani da su su ne na Kogon El Castillo a Spain, wanda wani bincike na 2012 ta amfani da uranium-thorium wanda aka yi shi aƙalla 40,000 BC. [7] [8] Kafin wannan sanarwar, an yi imanin cewa mafi tsufa zane-zane na kogon kogon su ne na Chauvet Cave a Faransa, wanda ya kasance a baya fiye da 30,000 BC a cikin Upper Paleolithic bisa ga dangantaka ta radiocarbon . [9] Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa zane-zane sun yi girma sosai don wannan zamanin kuma suna tambayar wannan shekarun. [10] An samu fiye da 80 kwanakin radiocarbon ta 2011, tare da samfurori da aka ɗauka daga alamomin tocina da kuma daga zane-zane da kansu, da kuma daga kasusuwan dabbobi da gawayi da aka samu a filin kogon. Kwanan radiyo daga waɗannan samfurori sun nuna cewa akwai lokuta biyu na halitta a Chauvet: shekaru 35,000 da suka wuce da shekaru 30,000 da suka wuce. [11] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan mamaki shi ne cewa yawancin zane-zane an gyare-gyare akai-akai fiye da dubban shekaru, mai yiwuwa yana bayyana rikice-rikice game da zane-zane masu kyau waɗanda suka yi kama da kwanan baya fiye da masu tsabta.

An kammala hoton zane-zane na rukunin karkanda a cikin kogon Chauvet shekaru 30,000 zuwa 32,000 da suka wuce.

A cikin 2009, kogo sun gano zane-zane a cikin Kogon Coliboaia da ke Romania, wanda ya yi daidai da na Chauvet . [12] Haɗin farko yana sanya shekarun hoto a cikin kewayon Chauvet: kimanin shekaru 32,000. [13]

A Ostiraliya, an gano zane-zanen kogo a tudun Arnhem da ke nuna megafauna da ake tunanin sun bace sama da shekaru 40,000, wanda hakan ya sa wannan rukunin ya zama dan takarar sananniyar zane; duk da haka, shekarun da aka tsara ya dogara da kiyasin bacewar nau'in nau'in da ake nunawa. [14] Wani rukunin yanar gizon Ostiraliya, Nawarla Gabarnmang, yana da zane-zanen gawayi wanda aka yi amfani da shi na radiocarbon zuwa shekaru 28,000, yana mai da shi wuri mafi tsufa a Ostiraliya kuma daga cikin mafi tsufa a duniya wanda aka sami tabbataccen shaidar kwanan wata.

Wasu misalan na iya kwanan wata a ƙarshen shekarun Farkon Bronze, amma sanannen salon Magdalenian da aka gani a Lascaux a Faransa (c. 15,000 BC) da Altamira a Spain sun mutu kusan 10,000 BC, daidai da zuwan zamanin Neolithic . Wataƙila an ci gaba da fentin wasu kogon cikin shekaru dubbai da yawa.

Mataki na gaba na tsira da zanen tarihi na Turai, fasahar dutsen na Basin Bahar Rum na Iberian, ya bambanta sosai, yana mai da hankali kan manyan taro na ƙananan ƙananan ƙididdiga masu yawa, tare da akalla mutane da yawa kamar dabbobi. An ƙirƙiri wannan kusan tsakanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 5,500 da suka wuce, kuma an zana shi a matsugunan duwatsu a ƙarƙashin tsaunin duwatsu ko kogo masu zurfi, sabanin ramukan koguna masu zurfi da aka yi amfani da su a farkon lokacin (kuma mafi sanyi). Ko da yake alkaluman mutum ɗaya ba su da ɗanɗano na dabi'a, an haɗa su cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗaka da juna zuwa matsayi mafi girma. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, fasahar kogon ya zama ƙasa da dabi'a kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga kyawawan zane-zane na dabba zuwa masu sauƙi, sa'an nan kuma zuwa siffofi masu banƙyama.

Mafi tsofaffin samfurori

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hotunan kogon da aka fi sani da su sun fi shekaru 40,000 ( art na Upper Paleolithic ) kuma an samo su a cikin kogo a gundumar Maros ( Sulawesi, Indonesia ). Ana gina mafi dadewa sau da yawa daga ginshiƙan hannu da siffofi masu sauƙi na geometric. [lower-alpha 2] Kwanan nan, a cikin 2021, fasahar kogon alade da aka samu a Sulawesi, Indonesiya, kuma kwanan wata sama da shekaru 45,500 da suka gabata, an bayar da rahoton. [16]

Wani bincike na 2018 ya yi iƙirarin shekaru 64,000 shekaru don mafi kyawun misalan fasahar kogon da ba na alama ba a cikin Iberian Peninsula . An wakilta da jajayen alamomi guda uku waɗanda ba na alama ba da aka samu a cikin kogon Maltravieso, Ardales da La Pasiega, Spain, waɗannan sun riga sun bayyana mutane na zamani a Turai da aƙalla shekaru 20,000 don haka Neanderthals ne suka yi maimakon mutanen zamani . [6]

A watan Nuwamba 2018, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton gano wani zanen fasaha mafi tsufa a lokacin, fiye da 40,000 (watakila mai shekaru 52,000), na dabbar da ba a sani ba, a cikin kogon Lubang Jeriji Saléh a tsibirin Borneo na Indonesiya . [3] A cikin Disamba 2019, zane-zanen kogo da ke nuna farautar alade a cikin yankin Maros-Pangkep karst a Sulawesi an gano sun ma fi girma, tare da ƙiyasin shekaru aƙalla shekaru 51,200. An gane wannan binciken a matsayin "babban sanannen siffa na ba da labari da farkon misalin fasaha na alama a tarihin ɗan adam." [17] A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2024, mujallar Nature ta buga sakamakon binciken da ke nuna cewa zane-zanen kogon da ke nuna alamun anthropomorphic suna hulɗa da alade kuma suna auna 36 by 15 inches (91 by 38 cm) a cikin Leang Karampuang suna da kusan shekaru 51,200, wanda ya kafa su a matsayin sanannun zane-zane na zane-zane a duniya. [18] [19]

Batutuwa, jigogi, da alamu a cikin zanen kogo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zanen dabbobin da aka rigaya a baya a Albarracín, Teruel, Spain ( fasahar dutsen Basin Bahar Rum na Iberian )

Masu fasahar kogo sun yi amfani da dabaru iri-iri kamar gano yatsa, yin ƙirar ƙira a yumbu, zane-zane, sassaken bas-relief, stencil na hannu, da zanen da aka yi cikin launuka biyu ko uku. Malamai suna rarraba fasahar kogo a matsayin "Alamomin" ko alamomi. Abubuwan da suka fi yawa a cikin zanen kogo sune manyan namun daji, irin su bison, dawakai, aurochs, da barewa, da kuma gano hannayen mutane da kuma sifofin da ba za a iya gani ba, da ake kira sarewa da yatsa . Nau'in da aka samu galibi sun dace da farautar mutane, amma ba lallai ba ne ainihin ganima da aka samu a cikin ma'adinan kasusuwa; alal misali, masu zanen Lascaux sun fi barin ƙasusuwan barewa, amma wannan nau'in ba ya bayyana ko kaɗan a cikin zane-zanen kogo, inda nau'in equine suka fi yawa. Zane-zane na mutane ba kasafai ba ne kuma yawanci tsari ne sabanin cikakkun bayanai da hotuna na dabi'ar dabbobi. Kieran D. O'Hara, masanin ilimin kasa, ya ba da shawara a cikin littafinsa na Cave Art and Climate Change cewa yanayi yana sarrafa abubuwan da aka kwatanta. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da ja da rawaya ocher, hematite, manganese oxide da gawayi . Wani lokaci silhouette na dabba da farko an fara yi a cikin dutsen, kuma a cikin wasu kogo duka ko yawancin hotuna an zana su ne kawai ta wannan salon. dauke su da ɗan fita daga ma'anar "zanen kogo".

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ World Heritage Sites: a Complete Guide to 1007 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (6th ed.). UNESCO Publishing. 2014. p. 607. ISBN 978-1-77085-640-0. OCLC 910986576.
  2. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Aubert, M.; et al. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
  4. ↑ Valladas, Helene (1 September 2003). "Direct radiocarbon dating of prehistoric cave paintings by accelerator mass spectrometry". Measurement Science and Technology. 14 (9): 1487–1492. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/301. S2CID 250809121 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hoffmann, D.L.; Pike, A.W.; García-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P.B.; Zilhão, J. (2016). "Methods for U-series dating of CaCO3 crusts associated with Palaeolithic cave art and application to Iberian sites". Quaternary Geochronology. 36: 104–119. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2016.07.004.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 D. L. Hoffmann; C.D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P.B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J.J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A.W.G. Pike (2018). "U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art". Science. 359 (6378): 912–915. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..912H. doi:10.1126/science.aap7778. PMID 29472483. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  7. ↑ "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain" (in Turanci). Science.
  8. ↑ Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (14 June 2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
  9. ↑ Clottes, Jean (October 2002). "Chauvet Cave (ca. 30,000 B.C.)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  10. ↑ Pettitt, Paul (1 November 2008). "Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (5): 908–917. Bibcode:2008JHumE..55..908P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.04.003. PMID 18678392.
  11. ↑ Zorich, Zach (March–April 2011). "A Chauvet Primer". Archaeology. 64 (2): 39.
  12. ↑ Ghemis, Calin; Clottes, J.; Gely, B.; Prudhomme, F. (2011). "An Exceptional Archaeological Discovery – the 'Art Gallery' in Coliboaia Cave". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica. XLVI. ISSN 0001-5229. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  13. ↑ Zorich, Zach (January–February 2012). "From the Trenches – Drawing Paleolithic Romania". Archaeology. 65 (1). Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  14. ↑ Masters, Emma (May 31, 2010). "Megafauna cave painting could be 40,000 years old". Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  15. ↑ Bob McDonald (September 24, 2021). "200,000-year-old handprints may be the world's oldest artwork, scientists say". cbc.ca. CBC Radio. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  16. ↑ Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian-xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime (2021-01-01). "Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi". Science Advances (in Turanci). 7 (3): eabd4648. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4648B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7806210. PMID 33523879 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art". Nature. 576 (7787): 442–445. Bibcode:2019Natur.576..442A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y. PMID 31827284. S2CID 209311825.
  18. ↑ Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Sardi, Ratno; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Hamrullah; Sumantri, Iwan; Tang, M.; Lebe, Rustan; Ilyas, Imran; Abbas, Abdullah; Jusdi, Andi; Mahardian, Dewangga Eka; Noerwidi, Sofwan (2024-07-03). "Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago". Nature (in Turanci). 631 (8022): 814–818. Bibcode:2024Natur.631..814O. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 11269172 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38961284 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Harris, Garreth (2024-07-04). "Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 2024-07-05.


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