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Hukunce-hukunce guda biyar

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Hukunce-hukunce guda biyar (Sinanci: 五刑; : wǔ xíng; Cantonese Yale: ) shine sunan rukuni don jerin azabtarwa ta jiki da tsarin shari'a na daular China ta samu. A tsawon lokaci, yanayin Hukunce-hukunce guda biyar ya bambanta. Kafin Daular Han ta Yamma Sarkin sarakuna Han Wendi (r.  180-157 BC), [bayyanawa ana buƙata] azabtarwa ta haɗa da Tattoo, yankewa hanci, yanke ƙafa ɗaya ko duka biyu, castration, da mutuwa.[1] Bayan daular Sui da Tang (581-907 AD), an canza waɗannan zuwa bautar azabtarwa, korarsu, mutuwa, ko azabtar da jiki ta hanyar bulala tare da suturar bamboo ko bulala tare. Kodayake Hukunce-hukunce guda biyar sun kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin azabtarwa na Daular China, ba su ne kawai hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da su ba.[2]

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu masu amfani da farko na Hukunce-hukuncen Biyar wasu sun yi imanin su ne Sanmiao Clan (三苗氏). Wasu majiyoyin sun ce sun samo asali ne daga Chiyou, fitaccen mahaliccin karafa da makamai kuma shugaban tsohuwar kabilar Li (九黎). A lokacin daular Xia na gaba (c. 2070 BC - c. 1600 BC), Qi na Xia, dan Yu the Great, wanda ya kafa daular, ya karbi hukuncin Miao na yanke ƙafa ɗaya ko biyu (刖; ), yanke hanci (劓; ), yanke hanci (琢碓) goshi (黥; ) da sauran nau'ikan ukuba. Tattoo, yanke hanci ko ƙafafu, kawar da gabobin haihuwa da mutuwa sun zama manyan nau'i biyar na tsarin horo a wannan lokacin. Daga daular Xia har zuwa daular Shang (1600-1046 BC) da daular Zhou (1046-256 BC). An soke "Hukunce-Hukunce-Hukunce-Hukunce-Hukunce-hukunce-hukunce-hukunce-hukunce-hukunce-hukuncin' na bayi" a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Wen na Han bayan wata koke daga wata batu mai suna Chunyu Tiying (淳于緹縈), kuma an maye gurbinsu da "Hukunce-hukunce biyar ga Serfs".

A cikin tsohuwar kasar Sin

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Baya ga hukuncin kisa, an tsara sauran azabtarwa guda huɗu ga bayi don kawo lalacewar jikinsu wanda zai nuna su har abada. Dukkanin talakawa suna ƙarƙashin waɗannan hukunce-hukunce. Wadannan azabtarwa ga maza ne. Adadin laifuka da aka yi amfani da hukuncin an jera su kusa da kowannensu.

A cikin Daular China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin Daular Han ta Yamma, an soke tattooing da yankewa a matsayin horo kuma a cikin sarakuna masu zuwa, an kara sauye-sauye guda biyar. A Daular Sui, azabtarwa biyar sun kai ainihin hanyar da za su kasance har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka. Wannan taƙaitaccen bincike ne game da azabtarwa biyar a lokacin Daular Qing:

  • Chi (笞), yana dukan gindi da lemar bamboo mai haske . A lokacin daular Qing (1644-1911), an yi amfani da bamboo clapper maimakon. Akwai digiri biyar na chi :
    • bulala 10 (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 600 wén (文) a cikin tsabar jan karfe )
    • bulala 20 (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 1 guàn (貫) da wén 200 a cikin tsabar tagulla. 1 guàn daidai 1000 wén)
    • bulala 30 (wanda aka cire akan biyan 1 guàn da wén 800 a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • bulala 40 (wanda aka cire akan biyan 2 guàn da wén 400 a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • bulala 50 (wanda aka cire akan biyan 3 guàn a tsabar tagulla)
  • Zhàng (杖), ana dukansa da babban sanda a baya, gindi ko ƙafafu. Darajoji biyar na zhang sune: [3]
    • bugun jini 60 (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 3 guàn da wén 600 a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • bugun jini 70 (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 4 guàn da 200 wén a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • bugun jini 80 (an biya akan biyan 4 guàn da 800 wén a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • bugun jini 90 (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 5 guàn da wén 400 a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • Shafukan 100 (an sake biya akan biyan 6 guàn na tsabar tsabar jan ƙarfe)
  • Tú (徒), Hidimar hukumci na tilas tare da tsananin nauyi biyar: [3]
    • Shekara guda na bautar hukunci tare da bugun jini 60 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 12 guàn a tsabar tsabar jan karfe)
    • Shekara daya da rabi na bautar hukunci tare da bugu 70 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 15 guàn a cikin tsabar jan karfe)
    • Shekaru biyu na bautar hukunci tare da bugun jini 80 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 18 guàn a tsabar tsabar tagulla)
    • Shekaru biyu da rabi na bautar hukunci tare da bugu 90 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 21 guàn a tsabar tsabar tagulla)
    • Shekaru uku na bautar hukunci tare da bugun jini 100 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 24 guàn a cikin tsabar jan karfe)
  • Liú (流), gudun hijira zuwa wuri mai nisa (kamar Hainan ) tare da komawa wurin haihuwar mutum an hana shi. Akwai nau'i uku na tsanani: [3]
    • 2000 lĭ (里) (1000km, 620 mil) da bugu 100 na babban sanda (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 30 guàn a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • 2,500 lǐ (kilomita 1250, mil 775) da bugu 100 na babban sandar (wanda aka sallama akan biyan 33 guàn a cikin tsabar tagulla)
    • 3,000 lǐ (kilomita 1500, mil 930) tare da bugu 100 na babban sandar (wanda aka biya akan biyan 36 guàn a cikin tsabar jan karfe)
  • Sĭ (死), hukuncin kisa . Bayan daular Sui da Tang gabaɗaya akwai zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: rataye (絞; ) ko yankewa (斬; ). Daga daular Song (970-1279 AD) zuwa gaba, an kuma yi amfani da yankan jinkirin (凌遲; ) tare da fille kan (梟首; ). Za a iya yanke hukuncin kisa akan biyan guàn 42 a cikin tsabar tagulla. [3]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Marquis of Lu on Punishments (吕刑)". Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  2. ↑ Marquis of Lu on Punishments (吕刑)". Retrieved August 25, 2010
  3. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "DaMingLu".
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