Hukuncin jiki a gida
 Hukuncin jiki a gida | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
child abuse (en)  da Kafar Azaba |
Hukuncin jiki ko na jiki ta iyaye ko wani mai Ruwa da doka duk wani aiki ne da ke haifar da ciwo na jiki ko rashin jin daɗi ga ƙaramin yaro don amsa wasu halayen da ba a so. Yawanci yana ɗaukar nau'in bugawa ko bugawa yaro da hannu mai buɗewa ko bugawa tare da kayan aiki kamar takalma, cokali na katako, gashin gashi, paddle, madauri / bel, sauyawa, ko sandar. A kan ma'anar da ta fi sauƙi, yana iya haɗawa da girgiza, matsawa, tilasta cinye abubuwa, ko tilasta yara su zauna a cikin matsayi mara kyau.
Amincewa da jama'a game da azabtar da jiki yana da yawa a ƙasashe inda ya kasance doka, musamman a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gargajiya. A cikin al'adu da yawa, an dauki iyaye a tarihi a matsayin masu haƙƙin, idan ba aikin ba, don azabtar da yara marasa mutunci don koyar da halayyar da ta dace ko dakatar da halayya mara kyau nan da nan ko a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Bincike da yawa, a gefe guda, sun gano cewa azabtar da jiki na iya samun akasin haka a cikin dogon lokaci, yana ƙara damar halayyar tashin hankali a cikin yara da rashin biyayya na dogon lokaci.[1] Sauran mummunan sakamako, kamar baƙin ciki, damuwa, haɗarin kashe kansa, da haɗarin cin zarafin jiki, suma an haɗa su da amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki, gami da azabtarwar jiki mai sauƙi da nau'ikan azabtarwa na jiki kamar bugawa a ƙafar hannu ko ƙafar hannu ba tare da wani abu ba ta iyaye.[2][3][4] Shaida ta nuna cewa bugun jini da sauran azabtarwa na jiki, yayin da ake amfani da su don manufar horo na yara, ana amfani da su ba tare da daidaituwa ba, galibi ana amfani da shi lokacin da iyaye ke fushi (yawanci saboda takaici / rashin gamsuwa da halayyar mutum) ko kuma a ƙarƙashin damuwa. Hanyoyi masu tsanani na azabtarwa na jiki, gami da kiɗa, cinyewa, ƙonewa da ƙonewa, na iya zama cin zarafin yara.
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa da yarjejeniya kamar su Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara, Majalisar Turai da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka sun ba da shawarar kawo karshen dukkan nau'ikan azabtarwa ta jiki, suna jayayya cewa ya keta mutuncin yara da haƙƙin amincin jiki. Yawancin dokoki da ke akwai game da baturi, hari, da / ko cin zarafin yara suna yin banbanci ga azabtarwa ta jiki "mai ma'ana" ta iyaye, kariya da ta samo asali a cikin doka ta kowa da kuma musamman Dokar Ingilishi. A ƙarshen karni na 20 da kuma cikin karni na 21, wasu ƙasashe sun fara cire kariya ta shari'a don amfani da masu kula da manya na azabtarwa ta jiki, sannan kuma ta hanyar haramtacciyar doka. Yawancin waɗannan haramtacciyar doka ce ta farar hula sabili da haka ba sa sanya hukuncin aikata laifuka sai dai idan an ba da izini ga tuhumar kai hari da / ko batir; duk da haka, ayyukan kare yara na cikin gida na iya kuma sau da yawa za su shiga tsakani.
Tun lokacin da Sweden ta haramta duk wani azabtarwa na jiki ga yara a 1979, yawancin kasashe sun kafa irin wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya, musamman bayan amincewar kasa da kasa na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara. Ya zuwa 2021, wannan ya ƙunshi 22 daga cikin kasashe 27 na Tarayyar Turai da kuma 26 daga cikin kasashen 38 na OECD. Koyaya, azabtar da yara a cikin gida ya kasance doka a mafi yawan duniya.
Hanyoyin azabtarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Yara ya bayyana hukuncin jiki a matsayin "duk wani hukunci wanda aka yi amfani da karfi na jiki kuma an yi niyya don haifar da wani mataki na ciwo ko rashin jin daɗi, duk da haka haske". Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, yana ba da rahoto game da binciken duniya game da cin zarafin yara ga Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya rubuta:
Corporal punishment involves hitting ('smacking', 'slapping', 'spanking') children, with the hand or with an implement – whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also involve, for example, kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair or boxing ears, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions, burning, scalding or forced ingestion (for example, washing children's mouths out with soap or forcing them to swallow hot spices).[5]
A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Amurka, "Hukuncin jiki ya haɗa da yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan ciwo na jiki don mayar da martani ga halayyar da ba a so", da kuma "ya bambanta daga buga hannun yaro game da taɓa murhu mai zafi zuwa cin zarafin yara, kamar duka, ƙonewa da ƙonewa. Saboda wannan kewa a cikin nau'in da tsananin hukunci, amfani da shi azaman dabarun horo yana da rikici".[6] Kalmar "hargitsi na jiki" galibi ana amfani da ita tare da "hargadi na jiki" ko "hargami na jiki". A cikin mahallin haifar da ciwo don azabtarwa, ya bambanta da hana yaro a zahiri don kare yaro ko wani mutum daga lahani.
An kuma nuna cewa harshen da mutum ke amfani da shi don bayyana wannan nau'in azabtarwa na iya rage nauyin ko alhakin aikin. Yin amfani da kalmomi kamar "spank" maimakon swat, bugawa, slap, ko bugawa, yana nuna daidaitattun ayyukan azabtar da jiki. Wannan harshe yana ba da damar tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan.[7]
Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga cikin dalilai daban-daban da suka riga sun kasance waɗanda ke tasiri ko iyaye suna amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki sune: gogewa tare da azabtarwar jiki a matsayin yaro, ilimi game da ci gaban yaro, matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ilimin iyaye da akidar addini. Halin kirki game da amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki kuma muhimmiyar alama ce ta amfani da ita.[8]
Al'umma da al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005, binciken da aka samu daga China, Indiya, Italiya, Kenya, Philippines da Thailand sun nuna bambance-bambance a cikin rahoton amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki, karɓa a cikin al'umma da alaƙar ta da daidaitawar zamantakewar yara. Inda aka fahimci azabtar da jiki a matsayin wanda aka fi yarda da al'ada, ba shi da alaƙa da tashin hankali da damuwa a cikin yara. Koyaya, azabtar da jiki har yanzu yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali da damuwa a duk ƙasashen da aka yi nazari. An rubuta alaƙa tsakanin azabtar da jiki da karuwar cin zarafin yara a cikin ƙasashen da aka lissafa a sama da Jamaica, Jordan da Singapore, kamar yadda ke da alaƙa tsakanin hukuncin kisa na yara da kuma halin rashin mutunci a Brazil, Hong Kong, Jordan, Mongolia, Norway da United Kingdom. A cewar Elizabeth Gershoff, waɗannan binciken sun bayyana suna kalubalantar ra'ayin cewa azabtar da jiki "mai kyau" ne ga yara, har ma a cikin al'adu da ke da tarihin tashin hankali.[1]
Masu bincike sun gano cewa yayin da amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki yana hango bambancin tashin hankali na yara ba shi da ƙarfi a ƙasashe inda akwai karɓar jama'a game da shi, al'adun da aka karɓa da azabtarwar jiki suna da matakan tashin hankali na al'umma.
Wani binciken da Murray A. Straus ya yi a shekarar 2013 a Jami'ar New Hampshire ya gano cewa yara a al'adu da yawa da aka yi musu bulala sun aikata laifuka da yawa yayin da suke manya fiye da yara da ba a yi musu bulaba ba, ba tare da la'akari da ingancin dangantakarsu da iyayensu ba.[9]
Ra'ayoyi sun bambanta a tsakanin al'adu game da ko bugun jini da sauran nau'ikan azabtarwa na jiki sune hanyoyin da suka dace don renon yara. Misali, a Amurka da Ingila, karɓar jama'a na yara masu tsinkaye yana riƙe da matsayi mafi rinjaye, daga kusan 61% zuwa 80% . A cikin 2020 Gwamnatin Welsh ta haramta duk wani nau'in azabtarwa a Wales. A Sweden, kafin haramcin 1979, fiye da rabin yawan jama'a sun dauki azabtar da jiki a matsayin wani bangare mai mahimmanci na kiwon yara. A shekara ta 1996, adadin ya kai 11% kuma kasa da 34% sun yi la'akari da shi a cikin binciken kasa. Elizabeth Gershoff ta nuna cewa azabtar da jiki a Amurka yana da goyon baya sosai ta hanyar "ƙididdigar imani game da iyali da renon yara, wato cewa yara dukiya ce, cewa yara ba su da damar tattauna yadda iyaye ke bi, kuma cewa halayen cikin iyalai masu zaman kansu ne".[10]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rikicin cikin gida
- Kamfen da ake yi game da azabtarwa ta jiki
- Dokokin azabtar da yara
- Hukuncin jiki na makaranta
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (Spring 2010). "More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children". Law & Contemporary Problems. Duke University School of Law. 73 (2): 31–56. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Gershoff2010" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gershoff, Elizabeth T.; Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew (2016). "Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses" (PDF). Journal of Family Psychology. 30 (4): 453–469. doi:10.1037/fam0000191. PMC 7992110. PMID 27055181.
- ↑ Afifi, T. O.; Mota, N. P.; Dasiewicz, P.; MacMillan, H. L.; Sareen, J. (2 July 2012). "Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally Representative US Sample". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). 130 (2): 184–192. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2947. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 22753561. S2CID 21759236.
- ↑ Gershoff, E. T. (2018). "The strength of the causal evidence against physical punishment of children and its implications for parents, psychologists, and policymakers" (PDF). American Psychologist. 73 (5): 626–638. doi:10.1037/amp0000327. PMC 8194004 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 29999352. - ↑ Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (2006). "Violence against children in the home and family". World Report on Violence Against Children. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Secretary-General's Study on Violence Against Children. ISBN 978-92-95057-51-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health (April 1998). "Guidance for effective discipline". Pediatrics. 101 (4 Pt 1): 723–8. doi:10.1542/peds.101.4.723. PMID 9521967. S2CID 79545678.
- ↑ Brown, Alan S.; Holden, George W.; Ashraf, Rose (January 2018). "Spank, slap, or hit? How labels alter perceptions of child discipline". Psychology of Violence (in Turanci). 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1037/vio0000080. ISSN 2152-081X. S2CID 152058445.
- ↑ Ateah, C. A.; Secco, M. L.; Woodgate, R. L. (2003). "The risks and alternatives to physical punishment use with children". J Pediatr Health Care. 17 (3): 126–32. doi:10.1067/mph.2003.18. PMID 12734459.
- ↑ "College students more likely to be lawbreakers if spanked as children". Science Daily. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ↑ Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (2002). "Corporal Punishment, Physical Abuse, and the Burden of Proof: Reply to Baumrind, Larzelere, and Cowan (2002), Holden (2002), and Parke (2002)". Psychological Bulletin. 128 (4): 602–611. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.602.