Hukuncin kabilanci
 Hukuncin kabilanci | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | kimiyar al'umma |
A ilimin zamantakewa, ana amfani da kalmar hukuncin kabilanci dangane da illar tattalin arziki da rashin tattalin arziki da tsirarun kabilu ke fuskanta a kasuwar kwadago idan aka kwatanta da sauran kabilu. A matsayin wani fanni na nazari a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, da kuma ilimin zamantakewa, ya wuce wariya don haka za a iya la'akari da abubuwan da ba na fahimta ba don bayyana dalilin da yasa bambance-bambancen da ba su da tushe ya kasance tsakanin mutane masu irin wannan damar domin su 'yan kabilu ne daban-daban.
Dubawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Oxford Anthony Heath ya fara tattauna batun hukuncin kabilanci. Da farko Heath ya kalli hukuncin kabilanci ne ta hanyar kwatanta kungiyoyi biyu a Biritaniya, farare da bakar fata, tare da lura da cewa rashin aikin yi na mazan bakaken fata na Afirka ya ninka na rashin aikin yi na fararen fata.[1] Amfani da bayanan ƙidayar 2001 UK, Johnston et al. yana ba da shawarar cewa duk ƙungiyoyin kabilanci a cikin Burtaniya sun fuskanci hukunci na kabilanci a cikin kasuwar aiki, ban da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na fararen fata na Burtaniya.[2] Har ila yau, Carmichael da Woods sun nuna cewa "hukunce-hukuncen da ake biya sun bambanta sosai tsakanin 'yan tsiraru" da aka yi nazari a kansu, dangane da ma'aikatan baƙar fata, Indiyawa, Pakistan, da Bangladesh a cikin United Kingdom. Simpson, Purdam, Tajar, et al. Har ila yau, ya gano cewa wannan ya bambanta tsakanin 'yan asalin Birtaniya da 'yan tsiraru 'yan tsiraru da kuma na kabila daya da aka haifa a kasashen waje - mazan da aka haifa a Birtaniya sun fi zama marasa aikin yi fiye da maza daga ketare, yayin da matan da aka haifa a Birtaniya "suna da kyau a kasuwannin aiki fiye da takwarorinsu na kasashen waje"[3] Bayan wannan, Simpson et al. ya tabbatar da cewa wannan rashin lahani ba ya danganta da "tattalin arzikin tsirarun kabilu a yankunan da aka hana"; 'yan tsirarun kabilanci sun kasance sau biyu sau biyu ba su da aikin yi fiye da takwarorinsu na fararen fata ... har ma a wuraren da galibi fararen fata ne.[4]
Yawancin hukunce-hukuncen kabilanci ana auna su azaman bambance-bambance a cikin sakamakon kasuwannin aiki tsakanin tsiraru da mafi yawan waɗanda suka rage bayan sarrafa babban birnin ɗan adam da halaye na zamantakewa a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga. Hukuncin kabilanci na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da rashin aikin yi,[5] matsayin sana'a[6] ko fiye da cancanta[7]. Ana bayyana hukumcin kabilanci a cikin kasuwar aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar halaye na mutum ɗaya, halayen ƙasa, yanayin zamantakewa a cikin ƙasa mai masauki, da yanayin siyasa a cikin ƙasa mai masaukin kuma an gwada su daban[8]. Koyaya, yawanci ana danganta hukuncin kabilanci na nuna wariya ga ma'aikata ga tsiraru.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Heath, A.F. and J. Ridge (1983) “Social Mobility of Ethnic Minorities”, Journal of Biosocial Science, Supplement No. 8: 169-184.
- ↑ Johnston, R. et al. (2010) "Ethno-Religious Categories and Measuring Occupational Attainment in Relation to Education in England and Wales: A Multilevel Analysis’, Environment and Planning A 42(3): 578-591.
- ↑ Carmichael, F.; Woods, R. (2000). "Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain". International Review of Applied Economics. 14 (1): 71–98. doi:10.1080/026921700101498. S2CID 154020583.
- ↑ Simpson et al. (2006) "Ethnic Minority Populations and the Labour Market: An Analysis of the 1991 and 2001 Census", Department for Work and Pensions.
- ↑ International Migration Outlook 2016. 2016. doi:10.1787/migr_outlook-2016-en. ISBN 9789264258440. Retrieved 2022-09-11 – via www.oecd-ilibrary.org
- ↑ Ubalde, Josep; Alarcón, Amado (2020-10-19). "Immigrant disadvantage in the labour market: the role of attitudinal context". European Societies. 22 (5): 636–658. doi:10.1080/14616696.2020.1719180. ISSN 1461-6696. S2CID 213923819.
- ↑ Prokic-Breuer, Tijana; McManus, Patricia A. (June 2016). "Immigrant Educational Mismatch in Western Europe, Apparent or Real?". European Sociological Review. 32 (3): 411–438. doi:10.1093/esr/jcw005. ISSN 0266-7215.
- ↑ Kislev, Elyakim (2016-09-19). "Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis". Social Indicators Research. 134 (2): 725–745. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x. S2CID 255005352.