Hukuncin kisa a Amurka
 Hukuncin kisa a Amurka | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | hukuncin kisa |
| Fuskar | hukuncin kisa da Tarayyar Amurka |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
A Amurka, hukuncin kisa (wanda aka fi sani da hukuncin kisa) hukunci ne na shari'a a cikin jihohi 27 (wanda biyu, Oregon da Wyoming, a halin yanzu ba su da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a duk faɗin ƙasar a matakin tarayya, da kuma Samoa ta Amurka. [1] Har ila yau, hukunci ne na doka ga wasu Laifukan soja. An soke hukuncin kisa a cikin sauran jihohi 23 da kuma babban birnin tarayya, Washington, DC. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi ne kawai don manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai. Kodayake hukunci ne na shari'a a cikin jihohi 27, 21 daga cikinsu suna da ikon aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, tare da sauran 6, dangane da dakatarwar.
Ya zuwa 2025, daga cikin kasashe 38 na OECD, uku (Amurka, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu) suna riƙe da hukuncin kisa. Koriya ta Kudu ta kiyaye dakatarwar da ba ta hukuma ba a kan kisa tun shekara ta 1997. Don haka, Japan da Taiwan sune kawai sauran dimokuradiyya masu ci gaba tare da hukuncin kisa.[2][3] A cikin ƙasashe biyu, hukuncin kisa ya kasance yana da goyon baya sosai.
Ana iya gano kasancewar hukuncin kisa a Amurka zuwa farkon mulkin mallaka na Virginia.[4] Babu wani kisa a Amurka tsakanin 1967 da 1977. A shekara ta 1972, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta soke dokokin hukuncin kisa a Furman v. Georgia, ta rage duk hukuncin kisa da ake jiran zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a lokacin. Daga baya, yawancin jihohi sun kafa sabbin ka'idojin hukuncin kisa, kuma kotun ta tabbatar da halattaccen aikin a cikin shari'ar Gregg v. Georgia ta 1976. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yanke wa mutane sama da 8,500 hukuncin kisa; daga cikin wadannan, an kashe fiye da 1,605. [5] [6][7][8] Jihohi ne ke aiwatar da mafi yawan kisa. Ga kowane mutum 8.2 da aka kashe, an cire mutum daya a kan layin mutuwa, a zamanin zamani.[9] Akalla mutane 200 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa tun 1973 an cire su.[10] Wannan zai kasance kusan 2.2% ko daya cikin 46.[11]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin Pre-Furman
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An fara yanke hukuncin kisa na farko da aka rubuta a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1608 a kan Kyaftin George Kendall, [12] wanda aka kashe shi ta hanyar harbi [13] a mulkin mallaka ya Jamestown saboda leken asiri a madadin gwamnatin Spain. [14] An kuma aiwatar da kisa a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka ta hanyar ratayewa. Rashin mai ratayewa yana daya daga cikin azabtarwa daban-daban da Puritans na Massachusetts Bay Colony suka yi amfani da su don tilasta bin addini da ilimi a kan dukan al'umma.[15]
Dokar 'Yancin da aka karɓa a cikin 1789 ta haɗa da Kwaskwarima ta takwas wacce ta haramta mummunan hukunci da ba a saba gani ba. An tsara Kwaskwarima ta Biyar tare da harshe wanda ke nuna yiwuwar amfani da hukuncin kisa, yana buƙatar babban juri don "laifukan kisa" da kuma tsarin doka don hana "rayuwa" ta gwamnati.[16] Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu da aka karɓa a 1868 ta kuma buƙaci tsarin doka don hana rai ta kowace jiha. An ƙuntata hukuncin kisa na tarayya ga ƙananan laifuka.[17] :: 1696 Masu kafa sun ga hukuncin karshe a matsayin hanyar kare bukatun masu mulki.[18] An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa bisa ga al'adu yankin.[17] : 1696 : 1696
Yunkurin kawar da shi na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jihohi uku sun soke hukuncin kisa don kisan kai a cikin karni na 19: Michigan (wanda kawai ya kashe fursuna 1 kuma shine gwamnati ta farko a duniyar Turanci da ta soke hukuncin kisa) [19] a 1847, Wisconsin a 1853, da Maine a 1887. Rhode Island kuma jiha ce mai dogon tarihin abolitionist, bayan ta soke hukuncin kisa a 1852, kodayake tana samuwa ne don kisan da wani fursuna ya aikata tsakanin 1872 da 1984.
Sauran jihohin da suka soke hukuncin kisa don kisan kai kafin Gregg v. Georgia sun hada da Minnesota a 1911, Vermont a 1964, Iowa da West Virginia a 1965, da North Dakota a 1973. Hawaii ta soke hukuncin kisa a 1948 da Alaska a 1957, duka biyu kafin su zama jihar. Puerto Rico ta soke shi a 1929 da kuma Gundumar Columbia a 1981. Arizona da Oregon sun soke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar kuri'un da aka zaba a 1916 da 1964 bi da bi, amma dukansu sun sake dawo da shi, kuma ta hanyar kuriʼun da aka saba da su, wasu shekaru daga baya; Arizona ta sake dawo da hukuncin kisa a 1918 da Oregon a 1978. A Oregon, Kotun Koli ta Oregon ta soke matakin da ya dawo da hukuncin kisa a 1981, amma masu jefa kuri'a na Oregon sun sake dawo da hukuncin mutuwa a shekarar 1984. [20] Puerto Rico da Michigan sune kawai yankuna biyu na Amurka da suka haramta hukuncin kisa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su: a cikin 1952 da 1964, bi da bi.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Death Penalty States [2022]". Death Penalty Info. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ↑ "The TCC delivers its Judgment 113-Hsien-Pan-8 (2024)". Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ↑ "Singapore". Freedom House. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
- ↑ Rigby, David; Seguin, Charles (March 2021). "Capital Punishment and the Legacies of Slavery and Lynching in the United States". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (in Turanci). 694 (1): 205–219. doi:10.1177/00027162211016277. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 235760878 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ "Sentencing Data". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Executions Overview". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Execution Statistics Summary – State and Year". people.smu.edu/rhalperi/. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ↑ "Criteria for Inclusion on DPIC's Innocence List". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Innocence". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Innocence: List of Those Freed From Death Row". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ↑ "Part I: History of the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center". Death Penalty Information Center. 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
- ↑ Waksman, David. "Is there a Death Penalty in America?". Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
- ↑ "History of the Death Penalty in America". Antideathpenalty.org. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ↑ Merrill, Louis Taylor (1945). "The Puritan Policeman". American Sociological Review. American Sociological Association. 10 (6): 766–776. doi:10.2307/2085847. ISSN 0003-1224. JSTOR 2085847.
- ↑ "BAZE v. REES (No. 07-5439) [April 16, 2008] Justice Scalia, with whom Justice Thomas joins, concurring in the judgment". law.cornell.edu. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Freedman, Hannah. "The Modern Federal Death Penalty: A Cruel and Unusual Penalty" (PDF). Cornell Law Review. 107. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ↑ "The Modern Federal Death Penalty: A Cruel and Unusual Penalty". Cornell Law Review. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
- ↑ "Michigan Legal Milestones: 41. First to Abolish the Death Penalty". www.michbar.org. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ↑ "Death penalty on the ballot". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved April 6, 2016.