Hukuncin kisa a Indiya
 Hukuncin kisa a Indiya | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | hukuncin kisa |
| Fuskar | hukuncin kisa da Indiya |
| Ƙasa | Indiya |
Hukuncin kisa a Indiya shine mafi girman hukunci na shari'a don laifuka a karkashin babban dokar azabtarwa ta kasar, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (tsohon Dokar Shari'ar Indiya), da sauran dokoki. Ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar ratayewa a matsayin hanya ta farko ta kisa. Hanyar kisa ta hanyar Sashe na 354 (5) na Dokar Shari'a, 1973 ita ce "Hanging da wuyan har zuwa mutuwa", kuma ana ba da hukuncin ne kawai a cikin 'mafi ƙarancin shari'o'i'.[1][2]
A halin yanzu, akwai kusan fursunoni 539 [3] a kan layin mutuwa a Indiya. Kashe-kashen da aka yi kwanan nan a Indiya ya faru ne a watan Maris na 2020, lokacin da aka kashe hudu daga cikin masu aikata fyade da kisan kai na Delhi na 2012 a gidan yarin Tihar a Delhi. [4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), mutuwa ta 1898 ita ce hukuncin kisa kuma ta buƙaci alƙalai da suka shafi su ba da dalilai a cikin hukuncin su idan suna so su ba da ɗaurin rai a maimakon haka. Ta hanyar gyare-gyare ga CrPC a cikin 1955, an cire abin da ake buƙata na rubuce-rubuce don kada a ɗora hukuncin kisa, yana nuna cewa babu wani zaɓi na majalisa tsakanin azabtarwa biyu. A shekara ta 1973, lokacin da aka ci gaba da gyaran CrPC, ɗaurin rai da rai ya zama al'ada kuma za a sanya hukuncin kisa ne kawai a lokuta na musamman, musamman idan wani mummunan laifi da aka aikata ya yi la'akari da mai aikata laifin da ya fi haɗari har ma a 'yi la'akari' da shi don sakin da aka saki cikin al'umma bayan shekaru 20 (kulle rai ba tare da izini ba ya wanzu a Indiya tunda yana da tsada sosai don ciyar da kuma ya ba da dalilai masu haɗari a saki masu laifi da aka yanke musu duka rayuwarsu, kuma kawar da yiwuwar rayuwa suna da su ta atomatik ga 'yanci' yanci' yankace su duka rayukansu masu laifi da ake buƙata' yanka' yankawa da su, da aka yanke wa' yanka shekaru 57, duk shekarun da suka cancanta da suka dace da suka dace don inganta halayyar rayuwa' yanka a cikin shekaru 57,[2] Wannan gagarumin canji ya nuna sha'awar iyakance hukuncin kisa a Indiya. CrPC, 1973 kuma ta raba Shari'a aikata laifuka zuwa matakai biyu tare da sauraro daban-daban, ɗaya don yanke hukunci ɗayan kuma don yanke hukunci.[5]
Laifukan kisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukuncin kisa a cikin Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Sashe a karkashin BNS ko wata doka | Yanayin aikata laifuka |
|---|---|
| Sashe na 65 (2) na BNS | Rashin fyade ga yaro a kasa da shekaru 12 |
| Sashe na 66 na BNS | Rashin fyade da rauni wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ko barin mace a cikin Yanayin Ruwa na DindindinYanayin Tsire-tsire na Tsire-shuke |
| Sashe na 70 (2) na BNS | Kungiya ta fyade ga yaro dan kasa da shekaru 18 |
| Sashe na 71 na BNS | Maimaita laifuka a cikin mahallin fyade |
| Sashe na 103 (1) na BNS | Kisan kai |
| Sashe na 103 (2) na BNS | Kashewa |
| Sashe na 104 na BNS | Kisan kai ta hanyar fursunoni da ke yin hukuncin rai da rai |
| Sashe na 107 na BNS | Rashin jin daɗin kashe kansa na yaro ko mutum mara hankali |
| Sashe na 109 (2) na BNS | Yunkurin kisan kai da fursunoni da ke yin hukuncin rai da rai |
| Sashe na 111 (2) (a) na BNS | Laifukan aikata laifuka da aka shirya da ke haifar da mutuwa |
| Sashe na 113 (2) (a) na BNS | Ta'addanci wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kowane mutum |
| Sashe na 140 (2) na BNS | Garkuwa da mutane ko satar mutane don kisan kai ko don fansa |
| Sashe na 147 na BNS | Cin amana da Gwamnatin Indiya |
| Sashe na 160 na BNS | Rashin amincewa da tawaye, idan an yi tawaye a zahiri saboda haka |
| Sashe na 230 (2) na BNS | Bayar ko ƙirƙirar shaidar ƙarya tare da niyyar samun hukunci na laifi mai kisa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutum marar laifi |
| Sashe na 232 (2) na BNS | Yin barazanar duk wani mutum da ya ba da shaidar ƙarya wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutum marar laifi |
| Sashe na 310 (3) na BNS | Kisan kai yayin aikata lalata ko fashi |
Hukuncin kisa a cikin laifukan da ba na BNS ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Act | Section | Offence description |
|---|---|---|
| The Organized Crime Act, 2001[6] | 3 (1) | Organized crime resulting in death of person |
| Army Act, 1950 | 34 | Offences in relation to enemy and punishable with death |
| Army Act, 1950 | 37 | Mutiny |
| Army Act, 1950 | 38 (1) | Desertion |
| Assam Rifles Act, 2006[7] | 21 | Offences in relation to enemy and punishable with death |
| Assam Rifles Act, 2006 | 24 | Mutiny |
| Assam Rifles Act, 2006 | 25 (1) (a) | Desertion |
| Assam Rifles Act, 2006 | 55 | Civil offences |
| Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2009[8] | 65A (2) | Death caused by the consumption of Laththa |
| Border Security Force Act, 1968[9] | 14 | Offences in relation to the enemy and punishable with death |
| Border Security Force Act, 1968 | 17 | Mutiny |
| Border Security Force Act, 1968 | 18 (1) (a) | Desertion |
| Border Security Force Act, 1968 | 46 | Civil offences |
| Coast Guard Act, 1978[10] | 17 | Mutiny |
| Coast Guard Act, 1978[10] | 49 | Civil offences |
| The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 | 41 | Abetment of sati |
| The Defence of India, Act, 1971[11] | 5 | Person contravening with intent to wage war or assist external aggression or any violation of provision made under S.3 |
| The Geneva Convention Act 1960[12] | 3 | Grave breaches of Geneva Conventions |
| The Explosive Substances Act, 1908[13] | 3 (b) | Punishment for special category of offences relating to explosive substances, likely to danger life or cause serious harm |
| The Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 1992[14] | 16 | Offences in relation to enemy or terrorist |
| The Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 1992 | 19 | Mutiny |
| The Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 1992 | 20 (1) (a) | Desertion |
| The Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, Act 1992 | 49 | Civil offences |
| The Karnataka Control of Organised Crime Act, 2000[15] | 3 (1) (i) | Organized crime resulting in death of person |
| The Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999[16] | 3 (1) (i) | Organized crime resulting in death of person |
| The Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985[17] | 31A (1) | Repeated commission of offences involving commercial quantity of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance |
Rajendra Prasad v. Jihar Uttar Pradesh, Fabrairu 1979
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan sakewa na CrPC 1973, akwai rashin tabbas a cikin fahimtar shari'a game da ' dalilai na musamman' don fansa hukuncin kisa. Kotun Koli a cikin Rajendra Prasad v. Jihar Uttar Pradesh, Fabrairu 1979 ta yi ma'amala da manufofin shari'a kan yanke hukunci kuma ta tattauna ma'anar ' dalilai na musamman' don yanke hukuncin kisa a kan dalilai na musamman. [18] Kotun ta fice daga ka'idar ramawa kuma ta jaddada kan hanawa da ka'idar sake fasalin a matsayin burin zamantakewa.[18] Bugu da ƙari, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ' dalilai na musamman' da ake buƙata don sanya hukuncin kisa dole ne ba ya danganta da laifin, amma dole ne a mai da hankali ga mai laifi.[19]
Batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kariya ta Tsarin Mulki da shari'a kamar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, Dokar Shari'a, Dokar Shaida tana kare mutum daga ikon da aka yi na jihar.[20] Koyaya, duk da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ba a tantance su ba kuma ana keta su akai-akai.[21] Hanyoyin irin wannan keta doka sune azabtarwa ta kulawa, ƙirƙiri shaidu, cin zarafin Sashe na 27 na Dokar Shaida.[22]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Article". 2005-08-17. Archived from the original on 17 August 2005. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Section 354 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ↑ "Project 39A — Annual Statistics". Project 39A. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ "Nirbhaya Rape Case Hanging: Everything you need to know". Mumbai Mirror. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ↑ "Section 252 in The Indian Penal Code". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
- ↑ "The Andhra Pradesh Control of Organised Crime Act, 2001" (PDF). AP State Portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
- ↑ "The Assam Rifles Act, 2006" (PDF). Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
- ↑ "Bombay Act No. XXV of 1949" (PDF). India Code.
- ↑ "The Border Security Force Act, 1968" (PDF). Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Coast Guard Act, 1978" (PDF). Indian Coast Guard.
- ↑ "The Defence of India Act, 1971" (PDF). Directorate General Fire Services, Civil Defence & Home Guards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2025-08-09.
- ↑ "Geneva Conventions Act, 1960" (PDF). Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
- ↑ "Section 3 in The Explosive Substances Act, 1908". Indian Kanoon.
- ↑ "The Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992" (PDF). Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
- ↑ "The Karnataka Control of Organised Crime Act, 2000" (PDF). India Code.
- ↑ "The Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999" (PDF). India Code.
- ↑ "The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985" (PDF). Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Rajendra Prasad Etc. Etc vs State Of Uttar Pradesh on 9 February 1979". Indian Kanoon.
- ↑ "The 262nd Report of the Law Commission of India - The Death Penalty" (PDF). Law Commission of India.
- ↑ "The Indian Evidence Act, 1872". Indian Kanoon.
- ↑ "Wrongful Prosecution (Miscarriage of Justice): Legal Remedies" (PDF). Law Commission of India.
- ↑ "Section 27 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872". Indian Kanoon.