Hukuncin kisa a Kamaru
 Hukuncin kisa a Kamaru | ||||
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aspect in a geographic region (en)  | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | hukuncin kisa | |||
| Fuskar | hukuncin kisa | |||
| Ƙasa | Kameru | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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Hukuncin kisa hukunci ne na shari'a a Kamaru. Sai dai kuma kasar ba ta aiwatar da wani hukuncin kisa a hukumance ba tun a shekarar 1997, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mai ruguzawa, tunda ita ma tana da wani matakin dakatar da ita.
Hanyoyi da ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar hukunta laifuka ta Kamaru ta ba da damar rataya ko kuma a yi amfani da harbin bindiga wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. [1]
Kasar Kamaru tana cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa da kuma Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara, dukkansu sun haramta wa kasashe mambobin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifuka kafin su cika shekaru 18, da kuma mata masu juna biyu da uwayen jarirai ko kananan yara. [1] Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ke fama da tabin hankali waɗanda ke sa su zama masu hauka da laifi, da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasa, gabaɗaya an hana su samun hukuncin kisa. Fursunonin Kamaru masu fama da tabin hankali ko nakasar tunani, za a iya yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a maimakon a daure su a gidan yari, ko da yake ba a san ko akwai wannan zabin ga fursunonin da ke karkashin hukuncin kisa ba. Fursunonin da aka ƙaddara hauka na aikata laifuka ba su "bai cika ba" za a iya mayar da hukuncin kisa zuwa shekaru 2-10 a gidan yari. [1]
Tarihin samun yancin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin samun 'yancin kai, Kamaru na karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da Faransa. Tsarin siyasar Kamaru na Burtaniya ya ba da damar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a lokuta na kisan kai, cin amanar kasa, ha'inci, da kuma shiga cikin shari'a ta hanyar gwaji da ta kai ga mutuwar wanda ake zargi. Bangaren Faransa na Kamaru ya ba da izinin yanke hukuncin kisa ne kawai a yanayi biyu, maimakon na Biritaniya na Kamaru: hare-hare kan tsaron cikin gida, da kuma, tun daga 1947, kisan kai don dalilai na cin naman mutane. [2]
Har yanzu dai wasu ‘yan kasar Kamaru sun yanke hukuncin kisa na gargajiya da kuma hukuncin kisa wanda bai wuce ikon ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba, kuma galibi ba tare da sanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba, a lokuta da ake yin sata ko yankan gora da dare; hukuncin da aka ce na sata an rataye shi ne ko kuma a jefa shi da rai a cikin rami, yayin da aka ce hukuncin yanke gora za a daure shi a bishiya har a mutu. A wani lokaci ana kona mazan da aka samu da laifin zina da ransu ko kuma a jefe su da duwatsu, yayin da ake sayar da matan bauta ko kuma a jefa su cikin rami guda ga mutanen da aka samu da laifin sata.
Ci gaban bayan samun yancin kai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekaru na farko bayan samun 'yancin kai, Kamaru ta nemi yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a matsayin hana shirya laifuka; Shugaban kasar na lokacin Ahmadou Ahidjo ya rattaba hannu kan wasu umarni da aka zartar ba tare da amincewar majalisar ba a shekarar 1972, inda aka yanke hukuncin kisa ga mummunan sata da sata . A karkashin waɗannan dokokin, an hana alkalai yin amfani da ƙararrawa ko sassauta yanayin da kuma yin la'akari da kowane shari'a a kan daidaikun mutane. 1972 kuma an gabatar da kotunan soji, wadanda ke kara taka rawa wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. [2] Ba a san ko mutum nawa ne aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa ba a karkashin dokar sata daga 1972 zuwa 1990, lokacin da aka yi wa dokokin kwaskwarima. [2]
Bayan murabus din Ahidjo tare da mika mulki ga firaministan lokacin kuma shugaban kasar mai ci Paul Biya a shekarar 1982, an yi yunkurin juyin mulki sau biyu da aka yi yunkurin dawo da tsohon shugaban kasar Ahidjo. Na farko ya faru a watan Agusta 1983. Wadanda aka kama da laifin sun fuskanci kotunan soji, ciki har da Ahidjo, wanda ke gudun hijira a Faransa don haka aka gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ba ya nan . Wasu abokan aikin biyu, wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin Ahidjo's quartermaster and aid-de- Camp, sun amsa laifinsu, kuma su da Ahidjo an yanke musu hukuncin kisa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairun 1984. Makonni bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Maris, an mayar da hukuncin kisa zuwa daurin rai da rai. [2] [3]
Yunkurin juyin mulki na biyu, wanda aka yi a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1984 kuma an danganta shi ga tsohon shugaban kasa Ahidjo da magoya bayansa, ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa. An gudanar da shari'ar wadanda ake zargi da hannu a juyin mulkin na biyu a gaban kotun soji tsakanin ranakun 27 zuwa 30 ga watan Afrilun 1984, inda aka yankewa akalla 35 daga cikin wadanda ake zargi da laifi, aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, aka kuma kashe su a takaice tsakanin watan Mayu da Agustan 1984. Wasu da dama kuma an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari, amma a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 1991, an yi wa dukkan bangarorin da ke da hannu a yunkurin juyin mulki na biyu afuwa. A cikin dukkan yunkurin juyin mulkin, an zargi Shugaba Biya da yin amfani da hukuncin kisa don karfafa mulki da kuma tsara tunaninsa na jama'a. [2]
Kisa na baya-bayan nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi amfani da hukuncin kisa kadan tun bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na biyu. An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa guda biyu ne kawai a Kamaru tun daga shekarar 1984. Kisa na farko shi ne kisa sau biyu da aka yi a ranar 28 ga Agusta 1988, kuma wadanda aka yanke wa hukuncin, wadanda aka bayyana sunayensu a matsayin Njomzeu da Oumbe, an same su da laifin kisan gillar da aka yi wa dangin Mpondo a 1979, wani mummunan laifi da ya hada da "zubar da jini tare da yanayi mai tsanani." [4] An yi wa mutanen hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a ta hanyar harbe-harbe a Douala, tare da sojoji 24, goma sha biyu ga kowane mutum, da aka nada don aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. An ruwaito cewa, mutanen biyu sun bukaci juyin mulki . [5]
Kisa na baya-bayan nan da aka tabbatar ya auku ne a kasar Kamaru a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1997, lokacin da wani fursuna mai suna Antoine Vandi Tize aka kashe ta hanyar harbe harbe a Mokolo, wani birni a yankin Mayo-Tsanaga na yankin Arewa mai Nisa . Kimanin shekaru bakwai kenan da Tize ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a Kamaru bayan da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa, kuma an tsare shi a gidan yari na tsakiya da ke Maroua kafin a kai shi wurin da aka zartar da hukuncin kisa. Kisan Tize dai shi ne na farko da aka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin a kasar tun shekarar 1988. Wataƙila an yi wasu kisa a wannan shekarar, amma ba a tabbatar da su ba. [6] [7]
Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tun a shekarar 1997, Kamaru ta yi yunkurin fadada dokar hukuncin kisa. A cikin Disamba 2014, Shugaba Biya ya bayyana aniyarsa ta gabatar da hukuncin kisa kan ta'addanci ; Shugaba Biya ya bayyana cewa, wannan matakin ya zo ne bisa la'akari da karuwar tashe-tashen hankula daga 'yan ta'addar Boko Haram daga kan iyaka da Najeriya, kuma burinsa shi ne ya dakile hadin gwiwa da su. Dokar ta jawo suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da sauransu, irin su kungiyar addini Ecumenical Service for Peace, wadanda suka damu cewa a maimakon haka dokar za ta yi amfani da su wajen dakile adawar siyasa. Wadanda suka damu da cewa dokar za ta haifar da take hakkin bil'adama, sun yi nuni da cewa kasar Kamaru tana da tarihin amfani da tsarin shari'ar laifuka wajen dakile sukar siyasa da aikin jarida; daya daga cikin tanade-tanaden daftarin hukuncin kisa ya kuma tanadi aikata laifin aikata rahotanni kan wasu al'amura na ta'addanci saboda fargabar cewa aikinsu na iya "damuwa da zaman lafiya a kasar" da kuma hukunta wannan rahoton daurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari. [8] Wasu, irin su Forbi Nchinda, memba na Social Democratic Front, jam'iyyar adawa ga shugaban kasa, sun kira dokar da ta tsufa; Nchinda ya soki dokar game da farfado da hukuncin kisa a lokacin da kasashe da dama ke matsawa wajen takaitawa da soke hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa, "Duniya ta kawar da hukuncin kisa. Yanzu haka suna amfani da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da ake zargi da ta'addanci. Wannan abu ne da ba za a amince da shi ba a duk duniya. Hatta a Kamaru, a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, ba na tsammanin an yanke wa wani mutum hukuncin kisa saboda halin da ake ciki." [8] Dokar, wadda aka ba da suna a hukumance Doka kan murkushe ayyukan ta'addanci a Kamaru, an zartar a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2014. [9]
A watan Maris din shekarar 2016, wata kotun soji ta yanke hukuncin kisa kan mayakan Boko Haram 89 da aka samu da laifin kai harin ta'addanci a yankin Arewa mai Nisa na Kamaru. An zartar da hukuncin kisa a sabuwar dokar yaki da ta’addanci da aka zartar a shekarar 2014. [10]
A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2021, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta bukaci gwamnatin Kamaru da ta mutunta hakkin dan Adam na fursunoni hudu da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa, inda ta bukaci gwamnati ta ba su damar daukaka kara kan hukuncin ko neman a yi musu sassauci ko kuma a yi musu afuwa. Wata kotun soji ta yanke wa mutanen hudu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar bindige jami’an tsaro bisa laifukan da suka shafi kisan kai, ta’addanci, ballewa, da tayar da zaune tsaye, da “kiyayya ga kasar uba,” da kuma mallakar makamai ba bisa ka’ida ba saboda hannu a harin da aka kai a wata makaranta a Kumba a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2020, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar yara shida. [9] [11]
Batutuwa da suka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin shari'ar babban birnin kasar Kamaru ya jawo suka saboda yawancin gwajin manyan laifuka na daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a kammala. Lauyoyin da ke kare kasar Kamaru sun koka da cewa yawan dage zaman da aka yi da kuma tsaikon da aka samu ya sa ake da wuya a samu shaidun da za su ba da shaida, don haka hakan ke kawo cikas ga hakkin wadanda ake tuhuma da manyan laifuka na yin shari'a ta gaskiya. [12]
Alkalan Kamaru ba sa son bayar da belin wadanda ake zargi da aikata manyan laifuka. Wasu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhumar sun yi zargin cewa ‘yan sanda sun azabtar da su kafin a yi musu shari’a. Wasu dai sun yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan sanda sun dauke su tamkar suna da laifi kafin a gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya, don haka ta keta hakkinsu na a ce ba su da laifi. [13]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 "The Death Penalty in Cameroon". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2017. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "DPWW" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 5 Berrih, Carole; Monkam, Nestor Toto (2019). "Sentenced to Oblivion: Fact-Finding Mission on Death Row | Cameroon" (PDF). Ensemble Contre La Peine de Mort (in Turanci). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ECPM" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Cameroon (1961-present)". University of Central Arkansas. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ↑ United Nations Human Rights Committee. (Report). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Mbembe, Achille (1992). "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. Cambridge University Press. 62 (1): 11–12. doi:10.2307/1160062. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1160062. S2CID 145451482. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- ↑ Amnesty International (16 September 1997). "CAMEROON: Blatant Disregard for Human Rights" (PDF). Amnesty International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ↑ Amnesty International (1 January 1998). "Amnesty International Report 1998 - Cameroon". RefWorld. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- 1 2 Kindzeka, Moki Edwin (9 December 2014). "Cameroon Moves to Legalize Capital Punishment for Convicted Terrorists". Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- 1 2 Nwenfor, Boris Esono (10 September 2021). "Cameroon: CHRDA Calls on Gov't to Respect Rights of Those Facing Capital Punishment". Pan African Visions. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "PAV" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Chimtom, Ngala Killian (9 March 2016). "89 Boko Haram Militants Sentenced to Death in Cameroon". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ↑ Nwenfor, Boris Esono (8 September 2021). "Four Sentenced to Death in Mother Francisca School Killing in Kumba". Pan African Visions. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ↑ Chenwi, Lilian (July 2006). "Fair Trial Rights and Their Relation to the Death Penalty in Africa". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Cambridge University Press. 55 (3): 618. doi:10.1093/iclq/lei107. ISSN 0020-5893. JSTOR 4092642. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Chenwi, Lilian (July 2006). "Fair Trial Rights and Their Relation to the Death Penalty in Africa". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Cambridge University Press. 55 (3): 620. doi:10.1093/iclq/lei107. ISSN 0020-5893. JSTOR 4092642. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help)