Hukuncin uwa
 Hukuncin uwa |
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Hukuncin uwa (wanda aka fi sani da Hukuncin yara) yana nufin matsalar tattalin arziki da mata ke fuskanta a Wurin aiki sakamakon zama uwaye.[1][2][3] Wannan ra'ayi na zamantakewar al'umma yana nuna yadda iyaye mata masu aiki ke fuskantar raguwar albashi, raguwar ƙwarewar da aka fahimta, da ƙananan damar ci gaban aiki idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa haihuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa uwaye suna fuskantar hukuncin albashi na kowane yaro wanda ke kara yawan Bambancin albashi na jinsi. Baya ga ƙananan albashi, ana kallon uwaye sau da yawa a matsayin ma'aikata marasa ƙwazo da marasa dogaro, wanda ke haifar da son kai, ƙarancin kimantawa na aiki, da rage damar samun ci gaba. Wadannan azabtarwa ba a iyakance su ga dalili ɗaya ba amma sun samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin al'umma, son zuciya a wurin aiki, da ra'ayoyi kamar tsarin aiki-ƙoƙari, wanda ke nuna cewa nauyin kulawa yana rage yawan aikin uwaye. Hukuncin uwa yana da yawa a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu daban-daban kuma an rubuta shi a duk faɗin launin fata da tattalin arziki, tare da mata masu launi da waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan da ba su da albashi suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako.[4] Duk da karuwar kulawa ga wannan batun, hukuncin bai nuna alamun raguwa ba.[5]
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin albashi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayani mafi yawan la'akari da Hukuncin albashi na uwa shine cewa haihuwa da haihuwa suna rushe ilimi na yau da kullun da horo a kan aiki.[6] Koyaya, shaidu sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance na ilimi da horo tsakanin uwaye da wadanda ba uwaye ba su bayyana cikakkiyar hukuncin zama uwa ba. Rashin albashi ba kashi ne na duniya ba a duk faɗin Amurka. Ya bambanta da jihar da kuma sana'a. Ba ta da mashahuri a cikin koyarwa da aikin jinya. Koyaya, a cikin gini, alal misali, bambancin albashi ya zama mafi tsanani har ma da haka ga matan Afirka da matan Latina. Idan wadannan mata sun zama uwaye, bambancin albashinsu ya zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da suke fuskantar lokacin hutu na aiki da shingen a cikin albarkatu da manufofi da kamfaninsu ke da su.[7]
Iyaye masu zaman kansu da iyaye mata masu haɗin gwiwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Idan aka kwatanta shi an nuna cewa uwaye ne kawai ke fuskantar ƙarin wahalar kuɗi ba amma kuma ba su da kyakkyawar hulɗa da zamantakewar al'umma da goyon bayan zamantakewa a cikin ma'aikata. Mahaifiyar da ke da kaɗaici suna fuskantar ƙarin yiwuwar matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Iyaye masu zaman kansu suna fuskantar ƙarin cikas yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki saboda karuwar haɗarin da suke da shi na rasa aiki saboda ƙalubalen samun inganci, abin dogaro, da kulawa da yara masu araha.[8]
Tasirin Shekaru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙarfin tasirin da aka yi wa uwa ta hanyar hukuncin uwa. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa tasirin uwa yana da ƙarfi a ƙuruciya kuma a ƙarshe ya raunana lokacin da mahaifiyar ta kai shekaru 40 ko 50.[9] Sabili da haka, idan uwa ta zaɓi samun yara tun tana ƙarama, aikinta na iya shafar hukunci fiye da uwaye da suka zaɓi jira har sai an kafa aikin su. Mata da ke da yara a farkon ayyukansu dole ne su sami mafaka mafi girma a rayuwarsu kamar rage ilimi, karɓar ƙarin lokaci, da kuma wucewa kan ƙarin haɓakawa. Wadannan zaɓuɓɓuka na iya samun tasiri mai tsawo a kan aikin mace fiye da samun yara bayan an gamsu da aiki mai ɗorewa. Samun yara tun suna ƙanana yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin uwaye a matsayin matsayi na zabi kuma yana iya yin la'akari da ma'aikaci cewa mace ta zaɓi uwaye a kan aiki.
Ka'idar halaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da'awar da aka ci gaba a cikin tsammanin aiki da kimantawa na ƙwarewar wurin aiki shine cewa uwaye "halayyar matsayi" ce. Ka'idar halayyar matsayi tana bayyana matsayi a matsayin bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin mutane kamar halayyar mutum (misali, tseren, jinsi, kyawawan jiki) ko rawar (misali، uwaye, manajan, matakin ilimi), wanda ke da fahimtar al'adu ko imani da ke haɗe da shi. Halayen matsayi suna haɗawa da matsayi mafi girma da ƙwarewa a wasu bambance-bambance fiye da wasu, kuma sun zama sanannun lokacin da aka yi imanin cewa halayen ya dace da aikin da ke hannun.[10]
Tsarin ka'idojin da ke danganta halaye na matsayi, kamar kabilanci ko jinsi, zuwa bambance-bambance a cikin halayen da kimantawa shine "tsinkaye na aiki". Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mutane suna sa ran ayyukan aiki mafi ƙwarewa daga waɗanda ke da halaye masu daraja, kuma a sakamakon haka, mutanen da ake sa ran su ba da ƙarin ƙwarewar ana kimanta su da kyau kuma ana ba su ƙarin dama.[11] Babban ra'ayi na ka'idar da bincike na kwarewa shine cewa ka'idodin iyawa sun fi tsananin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin tsammanin aiki ko halaye masu ƙasƙanci. Tunda ana nazarin wasan kwaikwayon 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa (mahaifiyoyi), koda kuwa "daidai" daidai da na takwarorinsu masu matsayi (ba uwaye ba), ba za a iya yin hukunci a matsayin masu ƙwarewa wajen nuna ikon aiki ba.[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Budig, Michelle; Paula England (2001). "The Wage Penalty for Motherhood". American Sociological Review. 66 (2): 204. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.512.8060. doi:10.2307/2657415. JSTOR 2657415.
- ↑ Anderson, Deborah; Melissa Binder; Kate Krause (2003). "The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisited: Experience, Heterogeneity, Work effort and Work-Schedule Flexibility". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 56 (2): 273–294. doi:10.2307/3590938. JSTOR 3590938.
- ↑ Correll, S.; S. Bernard; I. Paik (2007). "Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?". American Journal of Sociology. 112 (5): 1297–1338. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.709.8363. doi:10.1086/511799. S2CID 7816230.
- ↑ "Dutch Women Will Earn 46% Less Because of Child Penalty". 24 June 2021.
- ↑ Benard, Stephen; Paik, In; Correll, Shelley (1 January 2008). "Cognitive Bias and the Motherhood Penalty". Hastings Law Journal. 59 (6): 1359. ISSN 0017-8322.
- ↑ Staff, Jeremy; Jaylen Mortimer (2012). "Explaining the Motherhood Penalty During the Early Occupational Career". Demography. 49 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0068-6. PMC 3272159. PMID 22037996.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - ↑ Robinson, Laura D.; Magee, Christopher A.; Caputi, Peter (March 2018). "Sole Mothers in the Workforce: A Systematic Review and Agenda for Future Work-Family Research". Journal of Family Theory & Review. 10 (1): 280–303. doi:10.1111/jftr.12249.
- ↑ Kahn, JR; García-Manglano, J; Bianchi, SM (February 2014). "The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: Long-Term Effects of Children on Women's Careers". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 76 (1): 56–72. doi:10.1111/jomf.12086. PMC 4041155. PMID 24904185.
- ↑ Correll, S.; S. Bernard; I. Paik (2007). "Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?". American Journal of Sociology. 112 (5): 1297–1338. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.709.8363. doi:10.1086/511799. S2CID 7816230.
- 1 2 Correll, S.; S. Bernard; I. Paik (2007). "Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?". American Journal of Sociology. 112 (5): 1297–1338. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.709.8363. doi:10.1086/511799. S2CID 7816230.