Hurro-Urartian languages
| Hurro-Urartian languages | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
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Hurro-Urartian wani dangin harshe ne na Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya ƙunshi harsuna biyu da aka sani kawai: Hurrian da Urartian .
Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa ana zaton cewa yarukan Hurro-Urartian, ko yaren Proto-Hurro-Uratian da aka raba, mutanen Al'adun Kura-Araxes ne suka fara magana da su a Gabashin Anatolia, Caucasus, arewa maso yammacin Iran, Upper Mesopotamia da arewacin Levant daga ƙarshen karni na 5 BC zuwa ƙarshen karni na 3 BC.[1]
Rarrabawar waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake Dangantakar kwayar halitta tsakanin Hurrian da Urartian ba ta da wata matsala, haɗin Hurro-Urartian da sauran iyalai na harsuna suna da rikici. Bayan fassarar rubuce-rubucen Hurrian da Urartian da takardu a cikin karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, Hurrian da Uartian nan da nan an gane su ba su da alaƙa da Semitic ko daga baya harsunan Indo-Turai, Harsunan Kartvelian, ko kuma harsunan da ke cikin yankin kamar Harshen Sumerian, Harshen Elamite, Harshen Gutian da Haren Hattian. A halin yanzu, ra'ayi na yarjejeniya na masu ilimin harshe shine ra'ayi mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya: Hurro-Urartian iyali ne na farko wanda ba shi da alaƙa da kowane iyali na harshe.[2]
Tun bayan gano alaƙar iyali tsakanin Hurrian da Urartian, masu bincike daban-daban sun gabatar da yiwuwar alaƙar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin harsunan Hurro-Urartian da sauran iyalai na harsuna. Shawarwari na farko don dangantakar kwayoyin halitta ta waje ta Hurro-Urartian sun haɗa su da harsunan Kartvelian, Elamite, da sauran harsunan da ba na Semitic ba da waɗanda ba na Indo-Turai na yankin. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]
More modern proposals attempt to link the Hurro-Urartian family with either the Northeastern Caucasian language family (via Igor Diakonoff and Sergei Starostin's proposed Alarodian language family) [3] or with Indo-European languages (via Arnaud Fornet and Allan R. Bomhard).[4] Neither proposal has gained much traction within mainstream historical linguistics, with some scholars raising doubts regarding the arguments advanced in favour of a genetic relationship between the language-families,[2][5] or else, at least, maintaining that the evidence is—as yet—inconclusive.[6][7]
Harshen Kassite da ba a tabbatar da shi ba memba ne na iyalai na Semitic ko Indo-Turai ba, kuma yana iya kasancewa a maimakon haka harshen Hurro-Urartian ko yare mai zaman kansa.[8] Koyaya, kusan kalmomi 100 ne kawai aka sani na Kassite.
Saduwa da wasu harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hurrian shine harshen Hurrians, wani lokaci ana kiransa "Hurrites". An yi magana da shi a sassan arewacin Mesopotamiya da Siriya da sassan kudu maso gabashin Anatolia tsakanin akalla kwata na karshe na karni na uku BC da ƙarewarsa zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyu BC. Akwai jihohi daban-daban na Hurrian, wanda mafi shahara shine masarautar Mitanni (1450-1270 KZ), da kuma wani ɓangare na Lullubi da Turukkaeans, biyun na ƙarshe suna nuna tasirin Akkadian na Gabas. An ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyoyi biyu da ba a san su sosai ba, Nairi na kudu maso gabashin Anatolia da Mannae na arewa maso yammacin Iran, na iya kasancewa masu magana da Hurrian. Kamar yadda ba a san komai game da su ba, yana da wahala a yanke shawara game da yarukan da suke magana.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Greppin, John A. C.; Diakonoff, I. M. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (4): 720–730. JSTOR 603403.
- 1 2 Smeets, Rieks (1989). "On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language". Bibliotheca Orientalis. XLVI: 260–280.
- ↑ Diakonoff, Igor M. (1995). "Long-Range Linguistic Relations: Cultural Transmission or Consanguinity?" (PDF). Mother Tongue. 24: 34–40.
- ↑ Fournet, Arnaud; Bomhard, Allan R. (2010). "The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian". academia.edu. La Garenne Colombes, Charleston.
- ↑ Fournet, Arnaud (2013). "About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins". Archiv Orientální. 1. Archived from the original on 2022-05-28. Retrieved 2026-02-27.
- ↑ . doi:Zimansky Check
|doi=value (help). Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Kassian, Alexei. "Review of: The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian, by Arnaud Fournet & Allan R. Bomhard (2010)". Retrieved 2025-04-17.
- ↑ Schneider, Thomas (2003). "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartäisch. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu möglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". Altorientalische Forschungen (in Jamusanci) (30): 372–381.