Hussein na Jordan
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Hussein bin Talal (14 Nuwamba 1935 - 7 Fabrairu 1999) ya kasance Sarkin Jordan daga 1952 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1999. Wani memba na daular Hashemite, an dauke shi a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye ta 40 ta annabin Musulunci Muhammadu .
An haifi Hussein a Amman a matsayin ɗan fari na Talal bin Abdullah da Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil . Talal a wannan lokacin shi ne magajin mahaifinsa, Sarki Abdullah I. Hussein ya fara karatunsa a Amman, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a kasashen waje. Bayan Talal ya zama sarki a 1951, an kira Hussein magaji. Majalisar dokokin Jordan ta tilasta Talal ya yi murabus bayan shekara guda saboda rashin lafiyarsa, (Schizophrenia) kuma an nada majalisa har sai Hussein ya tsufa. An naɗa shi a kan sarauta yana da shekara 17 a 1953. Hussein ya yi aure sau hudu kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya.
Hussein, mai mulkin mallaka, ya fara mulkinsa ta hanyar ba da izinin kafa gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya a tarihin Jordan a shekarar 1956, wanda ya tilasta masa ya yi murabus bayan 'yan watanni, ya ayyana dokar soja da kuma haramta jam'iyyun siyasa. A karkashin Hussein, Jordan ta yi yaƙi uku da Isra'ila, gami da Yaƙin Kwanaki shida na 1967, wanda ya ƙare da asarar Jordan na West Bank. A cikin 1970, Hussein ya kori mayakan Palasdinawa daga Jordan a cikin abin da aka sani da Black September . Sarki ya yi watsi da dangantakar Jordan da West Bank a shekarar 1988 bayan da aka amince da kungiyar 'yancin Falasdinu a duniya a matsayin wakilin Palasdinawa. Ya ɗaga dokar soja kuma ya sake gabatar da zabe a shekarar 1989 lokacin da tashin hankali kan hauhawar farashi ya bazu a kudancin Jordan. A shekara ta 1994 ya zama shugaban kasar Larabawa na biyu da ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Isra'ila.[1]
A lokacin da Hussein ya hau mulki a 1953, Jordan sabuwar al'umma ce kuma tana sarrafawa West Bank. Kasar tana da 'yan albarkatun kasa kaɗan, da kuma yawan' yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa sakamakon Yaƙin Falasdinu na 1948. Hussein ya jagoranci kasarsa ta hanyar shekaru arba'in na rikice-rikicen Larabawa da Isra'ila da Yaƙin Cold, ya sami nasarar daidaita matsin lamba daga 'Yan kasa na Larabawa, Islama, Tarayyar Soviet, Kasashen Yamma, da Isra'ilawa, ya canza Jordan a ƙarshen mulkinsa na shekaru 46 zuwa jihar ta zamani mai ɗorewa. Bayan 1967 ya shiga cikin kokarin warware rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin abokan hamayyar Gabas ta Tsakiya daban-daban, kuma an gan shi a matsayin mai zaman lafiya na yankin. An girmama shi saboda ya gafarta wa masu adawa da siyasa da abokan adawar, da kuma ba su manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati. Hussein, wanda ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai da yawa da kuma makirci don hambarar da shi, shine shugaban da ya fi dadewa a yankin. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 63 daga ciwon daji a 1999 kuma ɗansa na fari, Abdullah II ya gaje shi.
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An haifi Hussein a Al-Qasr Al-Sagheer a Fadar Raghadan a Amman a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1935 ga Yarima Talal da Gimbiya Zein al-Sharaf . [2][3] Shi ne babba a cikin 'yan uwansa,' yan'uwa maza uku da mata biyu - Gimbiya Asma, Yarima Muhammad, Yarima Hassan, Yarima Muhsin, da Gimbiya Basma . A lokacin sanyi na Ammani, 'yar uwarsa Asma ta mutu daga cutar huhu, alamar yadda iyalinsa suka kasance matalauta a lokacin - ba za su iya samun zafi a gidansu ba.[4] – –
Hussein shine sunan kakan kakansa na uba, Hussein bin Ali ( Shariff na Makka ), shugaban Tawayen Larabawa na 1916 akan Daular Ottoman . [5] Hussein yayi ikirarin cewa shi zuriyar 'yar Muhammad Fatimah ce da mijinta Ali, khalifa na hudu, tunda Hussein yana cikin dangin Hashemites, wadanda suka mulki Makka sama da shekaru 700. – har zuwa lokacin da Gidan Saud ya mamaye ta a shekarar 1925 – kuma yana mulkin Jordan tun daga 1921. [4] Hashemites, daular da ta fi dadewa a duniya, su ne daular da ta fi tsufa a duniya (bayan Gidan Daular Japan ). [6] Kakar Hussein ta mahaifi, Widjan Hanim, 'yar Shakir Pasha ce wanda shine gwamnan Ottoman na Cyprus.
Yaron ya fara karatun firamare a Amman. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Victoria da ke Alexandria, Misira . [2] Ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Harrow a Ingila, inda ya yi abota da dan uwansa na biyu Faisal II na Iraki, wanda shi ma yake karatu a can.[2] Faisal ya kasance Sarkin Hashemite Iraki a lokacin, amma yana ƙarƙashin mulki tun lokacin da yake ƙarami.[2]
Kakan Hussein, Sarki Abdullah I, wanda ya kafa Jordan ta zamani, bai ga a cikin 'ya'yansa maza biyu Talal da Nayef damar zama sarki ba, sabili da haka ya mayar da hankali ga kokarinsa wajen renon jikansa Hussein.[4] Dangantaka ta musamman ta girma tsakanin su biyu. Abdullah ya sanya Hussein mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa don ƙarin darussan Larabci, kuma Hussein ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga kakansa yayin ganawarsa da shugabannin kasashen waje, kamar yadda Abdullah ya fahimci Turanci amma bai iya magana da shi ba.[4] A ranar 20 ga Yulin 1951, Yarima Hussein mai shekaru 15 ya yi tafiya zuwa Urushalima don yin Addu'o'in Jumma'a a Masjid Al-Aqsa tare da kakansa.[2] Wani mai kisan gilla na Palasdinawa ya bude wuta a kan Abdullah da jikansa, a cikin jita-jita cewa Sarki yana shirin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da sabuwar jihar Isra'ila da aka kafa. Abdullah ya mutu, amma Hussein ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai kuma, a cewar shaidu, ya bi mai kisan kai.[7] An kuma harbe Hussein, amma an karkatar da harsashi ta hanyar lambar yabo a kan tufafinsa da kakansa ya ba shi.[7]
Sarauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samun dama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ayyana ɗan fari na Abdullah, Talal, a matsayin Sarkin Jordan . [8] Talal ya nada ɗansa Hussein a matsayin yarima a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1951. [8] Bayan mulkin da bai kai watanni goma sha uku ba, majalisar ta tilasta wa Sarki Talal ya yi murabus saboda yanayin tunaninsa - likitoci sun gano schizophrenia.[8] A cikin ɗan gajeren mulkinsa, Talal ya gabatar da tsarin mulki na zamani, mai sassaucin ra'ayi a 1952 wanda har yanzu ake amfani dashi a yau.[8] An ayyana Hussein a matsayin sarki a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1952, ya gaji kursiyin watanni uku kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 17. [8] An kawo sakon waya daga Jordan zuwa Hussein yayin da yake zaune tare da mahaifiyarsa a kasashen waje a Lausanne, Switzerland, wanda aka yi wa 'His Majesty King Hussein'. [8] "Ba na buƙatar buɗe shi don sanin cewa kwanakina a matsayin ɗan makaranta sun ƙare, "Hussein daga baya ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa.[8] Ya koma gida ga taron jama'a masu farin ciki.[8] –
An nada majalisa mai mutum uku wanda ya kunshi Firayim Minista da shugabannin Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Wakilai har sai ya kai 18 (ta Kalandar Musulmi).[4] A halin yanzu, Hussein ya ci gaba da karatu a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . [2] An naɗa shi a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1953, a ranar da dan uwansa Faisal II ya ɗauki ikon tsarin mulki a matsayin sarkin Iraki.[8]
Shekaru na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sarkin matashi ya gaji kursiyin ba kawai na Jordan ba, har ma da na West Bank, wanda Jordan ta kama a lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 kuma An haɗa shi a 1950.[8] Kasar ba ta da wadataccen albarkatun kasa, kuma tana da yawan 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa sakamakon yaƙin - mamayewar West Bank ya sanya Palasdinawa kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan jama'a, sun fi yawan Jordan.[8] Bayan ya hau gadon sarauta, ya nada Fawzi Mulki a matsayin Firayim Minista.[8] Manufofin Mulki masu sassaucin ra'ayi, gami da 'yancin' yan jarida, sun haifar da tashin hankali yayin da kungiyoyin adawa suka fara kamfen ɗin farfaganda a kan mulkin mallaka.[4] Mayakan Palasdinawa (fedayeen, ma'ana masu sadaukar da kansu) sun yi amfani da yankin da ke karkashin ikon Jordan don kaddamar da hare-hare kan Isra'ila, wani lokacin suna haifar da ramuwar gayya.[8] Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan ramuwar gayya da Isra'ila ta yi ya zama sananne da Qibya_massacre" id="mwATU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Qibya massacre">Kisan kiyashi na Qibya; ya haifar da mutuwar fararen hula 66 a ƙauyen Qibya na Yammacin Kogin Yamma.[8] Lamarin ya haifar da zanga-zangar, kuma a cikin 1954 Hussein ya kori Mulki a cikin tashin hankali kuma ya nada mai tsayin daka Tawfik Abu Al-Huda. [8] Kasar ta gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1954, yayin da jam'iyyun kasar ba su riga sun shirya su ba.[8] Abu Al-Huda ya kasance shekara guda kawai, kuma gwamnati ta fuskanci sauye-sauye sau uku a cikin shekara mai zuwa.[8] –
Yarjejeniyar Baghdad ta 1955 wani yunkuri ne na Yammacin Turai don kafa kawancen Gabas ta Tsakiya don magance tasirin Soviet da Masar ta Gamal Abdel Nasser. [8] Jordan ta sami kanta a tsakiyar tashin hankali na Cold War.[8] Burtaniya, Turkiyya, da Iraki sun kasance membobin yarjejeniyar, kuma Burtaniya ta matsa wa Jordan don shiga.[8] Nasserism (akidar gurguzu ta Pan-Arabist) ta mamaye Duniya ta Larabawa a cikin shekarun 1950, kuma shawarar shiga yarjejeniyar ta haifar da manyan rikice-rikice a kasar.[8] Dokar hana fita da rundunar Larabawa ta sanya ba ta da yawa don sauƙaƙe halin da ake ciki kuma tashin hankali ya cigaba a cikin shekara ta 1955.[8] Rikicin cikin gida, wanda ke haifar da farfaganda da aka watsa daga rediyo na Masar, an kwantar da shi ne kawai bayan Sarki ya nada sabon Firayim Minista wanda ya yi alkawarin ba zai shiga Yarjejeniyar Baghdad ba.[8] Saudi Arabia ta sami daidaituwa tare da Masar a cikin zargin da suke yi game da Hashemites, a Jordan da Iraki.[8] Saudiyya ta tara sojoji a kusa da Aqaba a kan iyakar kudancin Jordan a watan Janairun 1956, kuma kawai ta janye bayan Birtaniya ta yi barazanar shiga tsakani a madadin Jordan.[8] Hussein ya fahimci cewa yanayin kishin kasa na Larabawa ya mamaye siyasar Larabawa, kuma ya yanke shawarar fara rage dangantakar Jordan da Birtaniya.[8] A ranar 1 ga Maris 1956, Hussein ya tabbatar da 'yancin Jordan ta hanyar Arabiya da umarnin sojojin: ya kori Glubb Pasha a matsayin kwamandan rundunar Larabawa kuma ya maye gurbin dukkan manyan jami'an Burtaniya da' yan Jordan, don haka ya sake masa suna zuwa "Jordan Armed Forces-Arab Army". [8] Ya soke yarjejeniyar Anglo-Jordanian kuma ya maye gurbin tallafin Burtaniya da taimakon Larabawa.[8] An sadu da yanke shawara mai ƙarfin zuciya na Hussein da sha'awa a gida kuma dangantakar da kasashen Larabawa ta inganta.[8]
Shugaban Masar Nasser ya sami goyon baya daga jama'ar Larabawa bayan an sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar makamai ta Masar da Czechoslovakia a watan Satumbar 1955, kuma shahararsa a Jordan ta tashi bayan da aka sanya Suez Canal a watan Yulin 1956; an ga ayyukansa a matsayin matsayi mai karfi a kan mulkin mallaka na Yamma. [4] Hussein ya kuma goyi bayan motsi.[4] Abubuwan da suka faru a Misira sun sa jam'iyyun adawa na hagu na Jordan suka dogara sosai ga Nasser.[4][4]
An rushe majalisar da aka zaba a shekara ta 1954, kuma Hussein ya yi alkawarin zabe mai kyau.[4] Zaben majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1956 ya ga Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Kasa ta fito a matsayin babbar jam'iyya, ta lashe kujeru 12 daga cikin 40 a Majalisar Wakilai.[4] Hussein daga baya ya nemi Suleiman Nabulsi, shugaban jam'iyyar, ya kafa gwamnati, gwamnati ce kawai da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya a tarihin Jordan.[4] Hussein ya kira wannan "gwaje-gwaje mai sassaucin ra'ayi", don ganin yadda 'yan Jordan za su "yi aiki da alhakin".[4] A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1956, Rikicin Suez ya ɓarke a Misira, yayin da Burtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila suka kaddamar da wani hari na soja don kwace ikon tashar.[4] Hussein ya yi fushi amma Nabulsi ya hana shi shiga tsakani.[4] Manufofin Nabulsi sau da yawa sun yi karo da na Sarki Hussein, gami da yadda za a magance Koyarwar Eisenhower.[4] Sarki ya nemi Nabulsi, a matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, ya murkushe Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da kafofin watsa labarai da take sarrafawa.[4] Nabulsi yana so ya matsa Jordan kusa da mulkin Nasser, amma Hussein yana so ya zauna a sansanin Yamma.[4]
Rashin jituwa tsakanin mulkin mallaka da gwamnatin hagu ya ƙare a watan Maris na shekara ta 1957 lokacin da Nabulsi ya ba Hussein jerin manyan jami'ai a cikin soja da yake so ya kore shi; Hussein da farko ya saurari shawarwarin. Koyaya, Nabulsi ya gabatar da jerin sunayen da aka faɗaɗa, wanda Hussein ya ki yin aiki.[9] An tilasta gwamnatin Nabulsi ta yi murabus a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.[9]
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, tashin hankali ya tashi a cikin barikin sojojin Zarqa kuma Hussein mai shekaru 21 ya tafi ya kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin rundunonin sojan sarauta da na Larabawa bayan wannan rukuni ya yada jita-jita cewa an kashe Sarki.[10] Sojojin Siriya 3,000 sun fara motsawa kudu zuwa iyakar Jordan don tallafawa abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin yunkurin juyin mulki, amma sun juya bayan sojojin sun nuna amincinsu ga Sarki.[4] Manyan asusun biyu sun fito game da abubuwan da suka faru a Zarqa, tare da fasalin sarauta wanda ke riƙe da cewa abin da ya faru ya kasance juyin mulki ne da shugaban ma'aikatan soja Ali Abu Nuwar ya yi wa Sarki Hussein, kuma fasalin mai adawa da ya tabbatar da cewa Hussein ya yi juyin mulki da aka shirya, wanda Amurka ta goyi bayan shi a kan ƙungiyar pan-Arabist a Jordan.[4] A kowane hali, Abu Nuwar da sauran manyan jami'an Larabawa sun yi murabus kuma an ba su izinin barin Jordan zuwa Siriya, inda suka tayar da adawa da mulkin mallaka na Jordan.[4] Hussein ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya dokar soja.[11] Kodayake daga ƙarshe ya sassauta wasu daga cikin waɗannan matakan, wato dokar hana fita ta soja da tsananin tantancewa na manema labarai, yunkurin Hussein ya rage tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na tsarin mulki wanda ya wanzu a Jordan a tsakiyar shekarun 1950.[12] An yanke wa wadanda ake zargi da makircin shekaru 15 ba tare da halarta ba, amma daga baya Hussein ya gafarta musu a 1964 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin sulhu da ya yi da 'yan adawarsa da ke gudun hijira, kuma an ba su manyan mukamai a cikin gwamnati.[12]
Tarayyar Larabawa tsakanin Iraki da Jordan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru na 1950 sun zama sanannun Yakin Cold na Larabawa, saboda rikici tsakanin jihohin da Nasserist Egypt ke jagoranta da masarautun gargajiya da Saudi Arabia ke jagorantar.[4] Masar da Siriya sun kafa Jamhuriyar Larabawa (UAR) a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1958, tare da shugabancin Jamhuriwar da Nasser ya mamaye.[4] A matsayin mai tsayayya, Hussein da dan uwansa, Sarki Faisal II na Hashemite Iraki, sun kafa Tarayyar Larabawa a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1958 a wani bikin Amman.[4] Kungiyoyin biyu masu adawa sun kaddamar da yaƙe-yaƙe na farfaganda da juna ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo.[4] Sojojin Jordan da Siriya sun yi fada a watan Maris a kan iyaka.[4] Makircin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta UAR ya fara fitowa a kan tarayyar Hashemite.[4] An kama wani jami'in a Jordan saboda makircin kashe Hussein.[4] Har ila yau, ya fito a Jordan cewa UAR tana shirin hambarar da masarautun Hashemite a watan Yulin shekara ta 1958.[4] Jordan ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kama jami'an sojoji 40 da ake zargi, kuma Hussein ya kira shugaban ma'aikatan sojojin Iraqi Rafiq Aref don ya ba shi bayani game da makircin da aka fallasa.[4] Aref ya amsa, "Kuna kula da kanku. Iraki ƙasa ce mai kwanciyar hankali, ba kamar Jordan ba. Idan akwai damuwa Jordan ce ya kamata a damu. " Ko da yake Faisal da Hussein sun ji daɗin dangantaka ta kusa, ƙungiyar Iraqi ta Faisal sun raina Jordan; Hussein ya danganta wannan halin ga yarima na Iraki 'Abd al-Ilah. [4][4]
- ↑ "The Jordan-Israeli Peace Treaty". www.kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 2026-06-19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Biography – King Hussein bin Talal". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ↑ "The Royal Palaces". www.kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Shlaim 2009.
- ↑ "Kingdom remembers Sharif Hussein Bin Ali". The Jordan Times. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ↑ "Profile: King Abdullah II of Jordan". themuslim500.com. 1 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "CNN1". - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "King Hussein of Jordan". The Telegraph. 8 February 1999. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2017.. The Telegraph. 8 February 1999. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- 1 2 Hiro 2003.
- ↑ Dann 1989.
- ↑ Yitzhak 2012.
- 1 2 Pearson 2010.