Hut tax

Hut tax

Harajin bukka wani nau'i ne na haraji da Turawa 'yan mulkin mallaka suka bullo da su a yankunansu na Afirka bisa "kowace bukka" (ko wasu nau'ikan gidaje). Mutanen da suke mulkin mallaka suna biyan haraji daban-daban a cikin kuɗi, aiki, hatsi ko hannun jari. Wannan ya amfanar da hukumomin mulkin mallaka ta hanyoyi guda huɗu masu alaƙa: Samfuri:Qn

• ta hanyar tara kudi
• ta hanyar tallafawa darajar tattalin arziki (da mulkin mallaka) na kudin gida
• ta hanyar faɗaɗa sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka na tushen kuɗi, tilastawa 'yan Afirka ta Kudu (misali) yin aiki don wuraren mulkin mallaka, haifar da dogaro ga tsarin jari-hujja.

Iyalan da mutane suka yi aiki da farko a matsayin makiyaya na karkara ko kuma manoma sukan tura mambobinsu aiki a birane ko kuma ayyukan gine-ginen da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi don samun kuɗin biyan haraji. Sabbin tattalin arziƙin turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka sun dogara da farko kan gina garuruwa da ababen more rayuwa (kamar layin dogo ), da kuma a Afirka ta Kudu kan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai cikin sauri. Samfuri:Qn

Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu

A shekara ta 1908 an gabatar da harajin bukka masu zuwa a cikin mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu :

• A Natal, a ƙarƙashin doka 13 na 1857, shillings 14 kowace bukka. 'Yan Afirka da ke zaune a gidaje irin na Turai da mata daya kawai an cire su daga haraji.
• A cikin Transkei, shillings 10 a kowace bukka.
• A cikin Cape Colony, nau'o'i daban-daban na "aikin gida" sun kasance tun daga shekarun 1850. Harajin ya kasance bisa doka ga duk masu gidaje a Cape, ba tare da la’akari da kabila ko addini ba, amma an aiwatar da shi ne kawai a wani yanki, musamman a yankunan karkara. An sanya cikakken harajin gida da ya dace a duk duniya a cikin 1870 (Dokar 9 ta 1870), kuma an fi aiwatar da shi sosai, saboda tsananin matsalolin kuɗi na gwamnati a lokacin. An dakatar da harajin da ba a yarda da shi ba a cikin 1872 (Dokar 11 na 1872), amma gwamnatin Sprigg ta yi amfani da sabon aiki mai girma a lokacin 1878, lokacin da kashe kuɗin gwamnati ya yi yawa. An kafa dokar ta 37 na shekarar 1884 mafi yawan cece-kuce a Cape "harajin bukkoki", kuma an kayyade shillings 10 a kowace bukka tare da kebe ga tsofaffi da marasa lafiya. An soke shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar 4 ta 1889.

Mashonaland

A cikin mulkin mallaka na Mashonaland, wanda yanzu yana cikin Zimbabwe ta zamani, an ƙaddamar da harajin bukka a kan kuɗin shillings goma kowace bukka a 1894. Ko da yake Ofishin Mulkin Mallaka a Landan ya ba da izini, an biya harajin ga Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC), wanda ke aiki a madadin gwamnatin Burtaniya a yankin. Abubuwa daban-daban irin su gabatar da harajin bukkoki, rikice-rikice game da shanu da jerin bala'o'i sun ba da gudummawa ga shawarar Shona don yin tawaye ga kamfanin a 1896, wanda ya zama sananne da sunan farko Chimurenga ko Yaƙin Matabele na biyu .

Sauran kasashe

Har ila yau, an yi amfani da harajin a Kenya, Uganda da Arewacin Rhodesia (yanzu Zambia ). A Saliyo, ta haifar da Yaƙin Haraji na Hut na 1898 a gundumar Ronietta, inda aka sami barna mai yawa ga kafa ƙungiyar Mishan ta Gida. Lalacewar da Societyungiyar ta yi ya kai ga wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa game da biyan diyya ga asarar da aka yi, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta kawo a madadin Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Gida. An biya diyya ga al’umma kan barnar da masu tarzomar Saliyo suka yi musu.

Laberiya kuma ta aiwatar da harajin bukka, wanda a wani yanayi ya haifar da tawayen Kru a 1915.

Kara karantawa

• Daisy Ward (2024), " Bayan Harajin Kuɗi na Mutum: Harajin Kai tsaye ba tare da Wakilci a Afirka ta Mallaka ba ", Jaridar Tarihi Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa: Vol. 3: Na 4, shafi 555-575.