Ibn Muqla
 Ibn Muqla | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
934 - 936
932 - 933
928 - 930
908 - 919 | |||||||||
| Rayuwa | |||||||||
| Haihuwa | Bagdaza, 886 | ||||||||
| ƙasa | Daular Abbasiyyah | ||||||||
| Mutuwa | Bagdaza, 20 ga Yuli, 940 | ||||||||
| Sana'a | |||||||||
| Sana'a |
calligrapher (en)  , minista da marubuci | ||||||||
Ibn Muqla ( Arabic ) ya kasance ƙwararren masanin lissafi, mai rubuta rubutu, mai duba, kuma mawaƙi wanda ya shahara a Baghdad a lokacin Zamanin Zinare na Musulunci . [1]
An haifi Ibn Muqla a ƙarni na 9 a Baghdad, ya tsara rubutun Larabci ta hanyar ka'idojin lissafi da lissafi, inda ya kawo sauyi a fannin fasaha da kuma fara al'adar rubutun Musulunci ta gargajiya . [2] Ya hau kan muƙamai na manyan jihohi a lokacin yana matashi, aikinsa ya kai ga ɗaukar babban muƙamin minista na Khalifancin Abbasiyawa, wanda aka fi sani da Vizierate, sau uku: a 928–930, 932–933 da 934–936. Ba tare da ya iya ƙalubalantar ƙarfin sarakunan yanki da ke ƙaruwa ba, ya rasa matsayinsa ga amir al-umara na farko, Ibn Ra'iq, kuma ya mutu a kurkuku.
Ana yaba masa sosai saboda ƙirƙiro salon rubutun Musulunci na Thuluth tare da wasu salo guda biyar - ciki har da Naskh, salon rubutun lanƙwasa mai santsi wanda ya maye gurbin tsohon salon Kūfi a matsayin babban rubutun rubutun Alƙur'ani . [3] Kwarewarsa a fannin rubutun lanƙwasa ta yi girma sosai har an rubuta cewa mutanen zamaninsa sun danganta halayen addini da na annabci ga iyawarsa, inda wani na zamani ya kira shi "annabi mai rubutun lanƙwasa." [4]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rayuwar farko da aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Ibn Muqla a Baghdad, babban birnin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa, a shekara ta 885/86. [5] Aikinsa na hidimar jama'a ya fara ne lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar haraji. Hawan sa kan mulki a gwamnatin tsakiya ya zo ne a shekara ta 908, karkashin jagorancin babban mai wa'azi Abu 'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, wanda ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da aika saƙonni na hukuma. [5] A wannan lokacin ne, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Khalifa al-Muqtadir ( r. 908–932 ), cewa tsarin mulkin farar hula ya kai kololuwar ikonsa a kotun Abbas, amma inda nasarorin da aka samu a zamanin da suka gabata wajen dawo da dukiyar Khalifanci suka ragu saboda ƙarancin kuɗi na dogon lokaci. A tsawon wannan lokacin, yanayin siyasa a Bagadaza ya mamaye Ibn al-Furat da ƙungiyarsa ( Banu'l-Furat ), abokin hamayyarsa Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah da ƙungiyar da ta taru a kusa da shi ( Banu'l-Jarrah ), da kuma babban hafsan soja, Mu'nis al-Khadim . [6] Duk da kusancinsa da Ibn al-Furat, wanda aka sake tabbatarwa a lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu a 917–918, Ibn Muqla daga ƙarshe ya juya masa baya. Karin girmansa na gaba ya zo ne a lokacin mulkin Ali ibn Isa na 918–928, lokacin da ya karɓi muhimmin sashe ( diwan ) na kadarorin gwamnati. [5]
Vizierate na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ta hanyar ƙulla abota da babban mai riƙe da iko ( hadjib ) Nasr, Ibn Muqla ya sami nasarar tabbatar da mukamin vizier da kansa bayan wulakancin Ali a shekara ta 928. [5] Duk da haka, mai riƙe da muƙamin ya kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na cikin gida, ciki har da juyin mulki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a shekara ta 929, wanda Mu'nis ya ƙaddara, wanda ya tuɓe al-Muqtadir ya maye gurbin ɗan'uwansa al-Qahir . [5] [6] Duk da gazawar juyin mulkin, Mu'nis da abokinsa Ali ibn Isa sun mamaye gwamnati yanzu, kuma sun haifar da korar Ibn Muqla a shekara ta 930. [5]
Na biyu mai ban mamaki da kuma kifar da al-Qahir
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Al-Qahir ya sake naɗa Ibn Muqla a matsayin mai kula da al-Muqtadir lokacin da ya gaji al-Muqtadir bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 932. Yunkurin sabon khalifa na tabbatar da ikonsa ya gamu da adawa daga Ibn Muqla da kuma daga Mu'nis. Mu'nis ya fara shirya makirci ga al-Qahir, amma an kama shi aka kashe shi kafin ya iya ɗaukar mataki, daga nan, bayan watanni shida kacal da ya yi aiki, aka kori Ibn Muqla. [5] [6] Daga nan sai Ibn Muqla ya jagoranci wani makirci, kuma a shekara ta 934 an kama al-Qahir, an makantar da shi aka kuma kore shi daga mulki daga hannun sojojin Baghdad, inda ɗan uwansa al-Radi ya gaje shi. [6]
Na uku da aka yi wa mummunar barna da kuma faɗuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko, al-Radi ya aika a kira Ali ibn Isa don ya sake zama mai bin diddigin sarauta, amma na biyun ya ƙi saboda tsufansa; [7] Daga nan aka naɗa Ibn Muqla a wa'adinsa na uku na mulki. [5] Duk da haka, a cikin watannin farko na mulkin, Muhammad ibn Yaqut ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba mafi ƙarfi a kotun har zuwa lokacin da ya faɗi a watan Afrilu na 935; sai a lokacin ne Ibn Muqla ya sami iko a kan gwamnati. [7]
A wannan lokacin, babbar barazanar da Khalifanci ke fuskanta ita ce karuwar 'yancin kai na gwamnonin yankin, wadanda suka yi amfani da rikicin cikin gida a kotun Abbas don karfafa ikonsu kan lardunansu kuma suka hana harajin da ake biya a Bagadaza, wanda hakan ya sanya gwamnatin tsakiya ta durkushe. [1] Ibn Muqla ya kuduri aniyar sake tabbatar da ikonsa kan lardunan da ke makwabtaka da shi da karfin soja, kuma ya zabi Jazira wanda Hamdanid ke iko da shi a matsayin abin da zai fara hari: a shekara ta 935 ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe wanda ya kwace babban birnin Hamdanid, Mosul, amma aka tilasta masa komawa Bagadaza. Wani yunƙuri a shekara ta 936 na kaddamar da yakin neman zabe kan gwamnan Wasit mai tawaye, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, bai ma fara ba. Tare da gazawarsa wajen magance matsalar kudi da ke karuwa, wannan bala'i na ƙarshe ya haifar da korar Ibn Muqla da kama shi.
Korar Ibn Muqla ita ce kuma ƙarshen 'yancin kai na khalifofin Abbasiyawa, domin jim kaɗan bayan an naɗa Ibn Ra'iq a sabon muƙamin amir al-umara ("kwamandan kwamandoji"), wani ofishi da ke ƙarƙashin sojoji wanda ya zama shugaban abin da ya rage na Khalifanci kuma ya hana Khalifan dukkan iko na gaske. [5] [6] An kwace kadarorin Ibn Muqla da ɗansa, kuma Ibn Muqla ya fara shirya makirci ga amir al-umara . Duk da haka, Ibn Ra'iq ya fahimci hakan, ya sa aka daure shi aka yanke masa hannun dama. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ko da rundunar janar Bajkam ta Turkiyya tana gab da Baghdad don sauke Ibn Ra'iq, an yanke masa harshensa. Duk da nasarar Bajkam, Ibn Muqla ya ci gaba da zama a gidan yari, inda ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yuli 940. [5]
Rubutun Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ibn Muqla ya shahara a matsayin mai rubuta rubutu da kuma wanda ya ƙirƙira salon thuluth . [3] Baya ga thuluth, ya ƙirƙiro wasu salo guda biyar na rubutun kalmomi, ciki har da naskh, rubutun kalmomi masu santsi wanda daga ƙarshe ya maye gurbin kūfi a matsayin babban rubutun da ake amfani da shi don isar da Alƙur'ani mai tsarki. Naskh rubutu ne mai sauƙin karantawa kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi wajen bugawa har zuwa wannan zamanin. [8] An girmama Ibn Muqla a matsayin 'annabi a fannin rubutun hannu; an zuba shi a hannunsa, kamar yadda aka bayyana wa ƙudan zuma don yin ƙwayoyin zumarsu masu siffar hexagon'. [9] An ɗauke shi ko 'yan uwansa a matsayin waɗanda suka fara salon al-khatt al-mansub ("rubutu mai daidaito"), wanda mai rubuta rubutu na ƙarni na 11 Ibn al-Bawwab ya kammala. [5] "Khatt" yana nufin "alama" layuka, wanda ke nuna cewa rubutun kalmomi wani yanki ne na sarari. A cikin tsarin al-khatt al-mansub, ƙirar harafi tana da alaƙa da ma'auni guda uku: girman nuqta ; tsayin alif ; da kuma da'irar da diamita daidai yake da tsayin alif . [10] [11]
Babu wani aikin Ibn Muqla na gaske da ke wanzuwa a yau, ana sanin aikinsa ne kawai ta wasu majiyoyi kamar Ibn al-Nadim . [12]
Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Yaghan, Mohammad Ali Jalal (2020). "Mathematical concepts in Arabic calligraphy: The proportions of the 'Alif". PLOS ONE. 15 (5). Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532641Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232641. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7255603. PMID 32463819.
- ↑ Yaghan, Mohammad Ali Jalal (2020). "Mathematical concepts in Arabic calligraphy: The proportions of the 'Alif". PLOS ONE. 15 (5). Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532641Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232641. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7255603. PMID 32463819.
- 1 2 "Ibn Muqlah | Islamic calligrapher". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-06. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "britannica.com" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Yaghan, Mohammad Ali Jalal (2020). "Mathematical concepts in Arabic calligraphy: The proportions of the 'Alif". PLOS ONE. 15 (5). Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532641Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232641. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7255603. PMID 32463819.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Sourdel 1971.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kennedy 2004.
- 1 2 Zetterstéen 1995.
- ↑ Yaghan, Mohammad Ali Jalal (2020). "Mathematical concepts in Arabic calligraphy: The proportions of the 'Alif". PLOS ONE. 15 (5). Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1532641Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232641. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7255603. PMID 32463819.
- ↑ Tabbaa 1991.
- ↑ Grabar 1992.
- ↑ Osborn 2009.
- ↑ Ali 1999.