Ida Crouch-Hazlett
Ida Crouch-Hazlett (an haife ta Ida Estelle Crouch, c. 1870 - 1941) ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa ta Amurka da ta shahara a cikin ƙungiyoyin sufuri da zamantakewar al'umma. Crouch-Hazlett an fi tunawa da shi a matsayin fitaccen mai magana da kuma mai shirya jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20. A cikin 1902 Crouch-Hazlett ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi takara a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka daga Colorado lokacin da ta yi tsere don zama a Majalisar Wakilai.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru na farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Ida Estelle Crouch a shekara ta 1870 a Birnin Chicago, Illinois, 'yar malamai biyu da suka yi karatu a kwaleji. Crouch ta girma a Monmouth, Illinois, inda ta halarci makarantar firamare, kafin ta shiga makarantar Monticello Seminary ta Godfrey, Illinois.[1] Ta kammala karatu a 1888 a Makarantar Al'ada ta Jihar Illinois (wani ma'aikatar da daga baya za ta zama Jami'ar Jihar Illinois) a Bloomington kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Stanford, inda ta yi karatun tattalin arziki, da kuma Makarantar Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta Chicago bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin malami a Makarantar L'ada ta Illinois . [1]
Crouch ya yi aure tun yana ƙarami ga N. Hazlett, wanda ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba.
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Crouch-Hazlett ya gudu don hukumar makarantar ta gida a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar haramtacciyar doka. Bayan wannan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba, ta rike jerin mukamai a matsayin malami na Magana a Illinois, Colorado, da Wyoming, aikin da ya taimaka mata ta horar da ƙwarewarta a matsayin mai magana.
A shekara ta 1894, Crouch-Hazlett ya juya zuwa aikin jarida, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto. Crouch-Hazlett ya yi aiki ga jaridu a Chicago, Denver, da Leadville, Colorado, da St. Louis. Ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida har zuwa 1900.[1] Yayinda yake a Colorado Crouch-Hazlett ta fara fallasawa ga gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai da masu hakar hakar ma- hakar ma, wanda ya kara tsara ra'ayinta na siyasa.
Ayyukan siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Crouch-Hazlett ta fara shiga siyasa ne a shekara ta 1896, lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin mai shirya kasa don Ƙungiyar Mata ta Amurka (NAWSA). Crouch-Hazlett na ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya NAWSA waɗanda suka zagaya tsawon da faɗin California a lokacin yakin neman zabe na 1896 wanda bai yi nasara ba, sun shiga irin waɗannan masu tsayin daka na motsi kamar Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, da Anna Howard Shaw. Crouch-Hazlett ya ci gaba da ma'aikatan NAWSA har zuwa 1901, yawon shakatawa a kasar don kungiyar kuma ya gudanar da laccoci na jama'a don gina goyon bayan jama'a ga 'yancin mata na jefa kuri'a.[1]
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan farkon karni na 20, Crouch-Hazlett ta fara ganin gwagwarmayar neman gurguzu a matsayin babban bangare na gwagwarmaya ta mata don daidaito kuma ta sanya ci gaban ƙungiyar gurguzu wani muhimmin bangare na kokarin siyasa. Ta shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America (SPA) a lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1901 kuma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin mata.
A cikin 1902, Hazlett ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi takarar Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a jihar Colorado lokacin da ta yi tsere don Majalisar Wakilai a kan tikitin Socialist .
Bayan yakin neman zabe na 1902, Hazlett ta ci gaba ba tare da dakatarwa ba tare da ta dauki kwarewarta a kan hanya a madadin Jam'iyyar Socialist a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shirya ta kasa. Crouch-Hazlett ya shafe mafi kyawun ɓangaren shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yana gudanar da laccoci na jama'a kuma ta haka yana ƙoƙarin taimakawa wajen gina ƙungiyoyin jihohi da na gida don sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya yawon shakatawa na SPA har zuwa shekara ta 1904. [1]
Crouch-Hazlett ya kasance wakilin Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Colorado a Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta 1904 ta Jam'iyyar Liberal kuma wakilin Jam-iyyar Socialist na Montana a Yarjejeniya ta 1908.
Bayan lokacinta a matsayin malami mai tafiya na Jam'iyyar Socialist, Crouch-Hazlett ta zauna a matsayin mai shirya jam'iyyar Socialists Party of Montana, wata kungiya a lokacin kimanin mambobi 450 masu biyan haraji da ke aiki a cikin "ƙauyuka". An nada Hazlett a matsayin editan jaridar Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Montana, Montana News, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1905.
Wani masanin tarihi ya kira Crouch-Hazlett "mai gudanarwa daban-daban" na jaridar jam'iyyar, yana mai lura da cewa ta fi son taka rawar "mai ba da rahoto" kuma ta bar bayanan fasaha da gudanarwa na samar da jarida ga abokinta na siyasa, Sakatariyar Jiha James D. Graham . Lokacin da ta ratsa babbar jihar Montana a wannan lokacin ya shafi Crouch-Hazlett kusa da Tarayyar Yammacin Ma'adinai. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata tana da wani bangare na shiga, kamar yadda a lokacin rayuwarta, Hazlett kanta memba ce ta Knights of Labor da American Labor Union, a ƙarshe abokan hamayya marasa nasara na American Federation of Labor .
Da farko a cikin 1908, Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Montana ta rabu ta hanyar rabuwa mai tsanani, inda Graham da editan jam'iyyar Crouch-Hazlett suka kasance a gefe ɗaya kuma Lewis Duncan, magajin garin Socialist na gaba na Butte, a ɗayan. Da Local Butte ya jagoranci, Yarjejeniyar Jihar 1908 ta Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Montana ta nada kwamitin binciken da Duncan ke jagoranta don bincika littattafan kungiyar. Duncan ya yi shelar cewa littattafan jam'iyyar jihar suna cikin "matsananciyar yanayi" kuma ya jagoranci Local Butte wajen shirya kira don murabus din Graham da Hazlett.[2] Duk da yake Graham yana da sauƙin kai, Crouch-Hazlett ya ki amincewa da wannan buƙata, don haka a cikin bazara na 1909 Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jihar da ke karkashin Duncan ya kori Graham da Hazlett daga cikin jam'iyyar kuma ya dakatar da haɗin kungiyar tare da Lewistown-based Montana News.[2]
An zargi Graham da Crouch-Hazlett da cin zarafin kudaden jam'iyya da ƙungiyar Duncan ta yi, kuma lamarin ya ƙare a kotuna. Ministan Unitarian Duncan ya kuma yi zargin ɗabi'a a kan Crouch-Hazlett, yana zargin cewa tana "rayuwa a bayyane a cikin zina da dangantaka mai laushi tare da tsohon memba na Lewistown". [3]
Bayan wadannan bangarorin bangarori ban da rashin jituwa na kudi da na mutum akwai bambancin manufofi. Local Butte a wannan lokacin yana goyon bayan Big Bill Haywood, ƙungiyar masana'antu, da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan masana'antu ta duniya, har ya kai ga amincewa da Haywood a matsayin dan takarar Shugaban Amurka, yayin da Crouch-Hazlett a Montana News ya jaddada ƙin tarihin Jam'iyyar Socialist don shiga tsakani kai tsaye a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyar kwadago.
a cikin 1910, tare da Montana News ya rushe ta hanyar yaƙi da membobin jam'iyya da kashi 45 cikin dari, [1] Crouch-Hazlett ta sake komawa matsayinta na mai shirya sana'a ga Jam'iyyar Socialist ta Amurka. Ta sadaukar da yawancin lokacinta don shirya kokarin a Kudancin Amurka daga 1914 zuwa 1916. [2] Crouch-Hazlett ya koma Brooklyn, New York a ƙarshen shekaru goma kuma ya gudu zuwa Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a Gundumar 1 ta Kings County, New York akan tikitin Socialist a cikin 1920.[3]
Crouch-Hazlett ta ƙare aikinta a matsayin mai shirya a madadin Jam'iyyar Socialist a shekarar 1921. A cikin wannan shekarar ta ƙarshe, Crouch-Hazlett aƙalla sau ɗaya ƙungiyar mambobin American Legion ta sace ta, waɗanda suka kai ta daruruwan mil kafin su bar ta a cikin wani yanki da ba a sani ba. Wannan gogewa ba ta karya jajircewar Crouch-Hazlett ba, amma duk da haka ya yi daidai da ƙarshen zamanta a matsayin mai shirya Jam'iyyar Socialist.[4]
Kasancewa memba a cikin SPA ya ragu a farkon shekarun 1920, biyo bayan rabuwa da ƙungiyoyin Socialist da Kwaminisanci a Yarjejeniyar Gaggawa ta Kasa ta 1919. Tare da tarin kudade ya ragu sosai, an tilasta wa jam'iyyar ta rage yawan ma'aikata da aka biya saboda matsalolin kasafin kuɗi, wanda ya tilasta Hazlett neman wasu hanyoyin tallafi.
Crouch-Hazlett ta ziyarci Ingila, ta shirya a gaba tare da mai fafutukar aiki na Burtaniya Jessie Stephen don a buga wasikun ta yayin da take can.[5]
Mutuwa da gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1925 Crouch-Hazlett ya shiga Jami'ar New York a kokarin samun Digiri na Doctorate. Ta mutu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1941. Takardunta suna cikin takardun Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party na Milwaukee County Historical Society a Milwaukeee, Wisconsin .
Bayanan da ke ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFink - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCalvert33 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMHS - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBuhle241 - ↑ "Correspondence re Mrs Ida Crouch-Hazlett's visit to England. LP/WG/USA/24-29". The National Archives. 16 July 1935. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Mata a cikin Socialist Movement," Montana News [Lewiston], Yuni 1, 1904, pg. 1.
- "Mrs. Hazlett Brutally Treated at Spokane," The Socialist [Seattle], duka no. 344 (Satumba 21, 1907), pg. 1.
- "The Socialist Movement and Woman Suffrage," Socialist Woman, vol. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 2] 5.
- "Finale!" (waƙar) , The New Review, Vol. 1, No. 9 (Maris 1, 1913), shafi na 1 276.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- "Legion Mob Kidnaps Mrs. Hazlett a Iowa," New York Call, vol. 14, No. 225 (Agusta 13, 1921), shafi na 1, 4.
- An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin nan The New Leader.