Idu (littafi)
| Idu (littafi) | |
|---|---|
| Asali | |
| Mawallafi | Flora Nwapa |
| Lokacin bugawa | 1970 |
| Asalin suna | Flora Nwapa |
| Ƙasar asali | Najeriya |
| Bugawa | Heinemann (Mawallafa) |
| Online Computer Library Center | 94160 |
| Characteristics | |
Genre (en)  |
fiction literature (en) |
| Harshe | Turanci |
Idu littafi ne na 1970 kuma littafi na biyu da marubucin littafin Najeriya Flora Nwapa ya fitar. Labarin littafin ya shafi Idu, wata budurwa a wani kauye na Najeriya wanda mijinta ya mutu, da kuma kokarin da take yi na sake haduwa da shi. An ga littafin a matsayin daya daga cikin ayyukan Nwapa masu rikitarwa saboda mayar da hankali kan dogaro da Idu ga mijinta.
Makirci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littafin ya faru ne a wani kauye mai nisa na Afirka kuma ya bi mai gabatarwa Idu da mijinta Adiewere sama da shekaru da yawa. Tun daga farkon littafin, Nwapa ta tabbatar da cewa mai karatu ya san farin ciki tsakanin Idu da Adiewere; sun ba da kansu ga juna a matsayin miji da matar. An nuna farin cikin su tare da yawa. A cikin kabilar Afirka, ana sha'awar uwaye kuma kasancewa uwa ana ɗaukarsa mafi mahimmanci fiye da kasancewa matar da ta himmatu. Duk da sha'awarsu ga yara, Idu da Adiewere sun kasance ba tare da yara ba na shekaru da yawa. A wannan lokacin, Idu da Adiewere sun gina babban kasuwanci kuma sun wadata duk da haka lokacin da ɗan'uwan Adiewere, Ishiodu ke cikin matsala, sun rasa dukiyarsu don taimakawa Ishiodu. Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa, matsin lamba daga mazauna ƙauyen don Idu da Adiewere su sami ɗa ya zama abin mamaki kuma Idu ta yi kuka cewa ta kawo la'anar rashin haihuwa ga mijinta. A lokacin da Idu ke kira, Adiewere ya ɗauki matarsa ta biyu, wanda ya bi da ita a matsayin yaro maimakon matarsa. Idu ba zato ba tsammani ta sanar da cewa tana da ciki kuma ƙauyen ya yi farin ciki da ma'auratan kuma ya ba da kyauta da yawa ga shahararrun ma'aurata. Bayan da ta fahimci ciki na Idu, matar ta biyu ta bar Adiewere.
An haifi ɗan Idu a ranar hasken rana wanda Idu ya yi imanin cewa mummunan alama ce, yana tunawa da mafarki game da samun yaro wanda ya yi duhu sosai ba ta yi ƙarfin hali ta taɓa yaron ba. Idu da Adie sun ba ɗansu suna Ijoma. 'Yar'uwar Idu Anamadi ta girma ta ƙaunaci Ijoma kuma yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa tare da ita. Shekaru biyu sun wuce kuma Idu ba ta sake yin ciki ba kuma saboda haka Idu ta nemi mijinta ya dauki wata mata maimakon a ci gaba da tsawata shi a matsayin 'mummunan' saboda hana mijinta damar samun karin yara.
Ana gabatar da mai karatu ga ma'aurata na biyu, Ojiugo da Amarajeme waɗanda suke ƙaunar juna. Ojiugo aboki ne na yarinta na Idu. Koyaya, bayan shekaru shida kuma babu yara, Ojiugo ta bar Amarajeme don zama tare da abokiyar mijinta don cika burinta na uwaye. Amarajeme yana da baƙin ciki kuma yana sanye da baki kuma yana makoki ga matarsa. Bayan ya ji labarin Ojiugo ya haifi ɗa, Amarajeme ya fahimci cewa ba shi da haihuwa kuma yana da alhakin rashin haihuwa kuma ya rataye kansa. Ojiugo ta ji labarin mutuwar Amarajeme kuma ta mutu a wannan rana daga baƙin ciki ga ƙaunataccen mijinta na farko.
Bayan shekaru hudu, Idu ta yi juna biyu kuma a ɗan gajeren lokaci, ma'auratan da ƙauyen sun yi farin ciki da haihuwar ɗansu na biyu. Abin takaici, Adiewere ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Bayan mutuwar Adiewere, Idu ba ta kuka, ba ta sa baki ko gashi kamar yadda al'ada ke tsammani. Bugu da ƙari, Idu ta ki auren Ishiodu, ɗan'uwan mijinta; Idu ta dage cewa za ta shiga Adiewere. Daga ƙarshe, Idu ta ƙi rayuwa kuma ta mutu don ta kasance tare da ƙaunataccen mijinta.
Manyan mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Idu: Idu mace ce mai sadaukarwa wacce sau da yawa tana da manufofi waɗanda suka fice daga al'ada. Idu tana son mijinta Adiewere sosai, tana shirye ta yarda da al'adun don kada ta kunyata mijinta.
- Adiewere: Adiewere shine mijin Idu. Miji ne mai ƙauna da sadaukarwa wanda, kamar matarsa, yana shirye ya sadaukar da ra'ayinsa na kansa don ya yarda da sha'awar matarsa.
- Ogbenyanu: Ogbenyau 'yar'uwar Idu ce wacce ta haifi ɗa kafin Idu ta haifar da baƙin ciki mai girma.
- Anamadi: Anamadi 'yar'uwar Idu ce wacce ta zo ta ƙaunaci dan uwanta Ijoma kuma tana kula da Ijoma mafi yawan lokaci. Anamadi shine mutumin da ya sami Idu ya mutu.
- Okeke: Okeke aboki ne na kasuwanci na Idu. Okeke ta yi wa Idu kyauta lokacin da ta yi ciki.
- Ishiodu: Ishiodu shi kaɗai ne ɗan'uwan Adiewere. Idu da Adie sun samar da kudade don share bashin Ishiodu. Bayan Adiewere ya mutu, ƙauyen ya matsa wa Idu ya auri Ishiodu.
- Ijoma: Ijoma shi ne ɗan namiji na Idu da Adiewere . An haifi Ijoma a ranar hasken rana, wanda aka dauka a matsayin alama saboda "dare biyu".
- Ojiugo: Ojiugo aboki ne na yarinta na Idu. Ojiugo ta auri Amarajeme kuma tare ba su iya haihuwa ba kuma Ojiugo ya auri Obukodi don cika burinta na uwaye.
- Amarajeme: Amarajeme shine mijin farko na Ojiugo kuma suna da ƙauna sosai duk da haka Amarajeme ba shi da haihuwa kuma Ojiugo ya bar shi. Bayan ya ji Ojiugo ya haifi ɗa, Amarajeme ya kashe kansa. Domin bai shirya ya ji irin wannan labarai ba.
- Obukodi: Obukodi shine mutumin da Ojiugo ya bar ƙaunataccen mijinta Amarajeme don ya haifi ɗa.
Al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Al'adun da aka nuna a cikin Idu shine na Mutanen Igbo. Littafin yana wakilci kuma ba wakilci na al'adun Igbo ba.
Wasu zargi sun hada da:
- Idu ta kalubalanci ka'idodin al'adun mace ta Ibo ta hanyar kin amincewa da ra'ayin mamayar namiji, rawar da suke takawa a matsayin mace, da kuma muhimmancin yaro.[1]
- Mutuwar Idu ta yi aiki ne a matsayin zanga-zanga game da al'adar gargajiya ta Igbo, levirate.
- Nwapa tana nuna kyakkyawar mace ta Igbo a cikin halinta, Idu, maimakon matsakaicin mace ta Igbo.[1]
- Haruffa a cikin Idu ba su dace da gaskiyar Igbo ba.[2]
Abubuwan da ke wakiltar al'adun Igbo sun haɗa da:
- Ma'anar cewa auren da ba shi da yara ya gaza.[2]
- A cikin "Maganar Igbo", Chimalum Nwankwo ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin jigogi na Idu shine rashin haihuwa da rashin farin ciki da yake kawowa.[2]
- Yin amfani da Uhamiri na Nwapa. Uhamiri tatsuniyar Igbo ce. Wannan tatsuniyar tana aiki ne a matsayin na'urar mãkirci a cikin Idu.[3]
- Labarin Uhamiri yana ba da damar haɓaka al'adun al'adun Igbo. Uhamiri alama ce ta ɗabi'a da dabi'u a cikin al'adun Igbo.[3]
Jigogi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban jigon a cikin Idu, shine tashin hankali tsakanin al'adun gargajiya da bambancin al'adun da aka kafa.[1] Hadisi ya ce wajibi ne ga mata su yi burin samun yara. Hadisi ya nuna cewa ɗaukakar uwa ta fi ɗaukakar zama mace muhimmanci.[2] Koyaya, Idu da Adiewere suna gwada wannan al'adar a wasu lokuta; ma'auratan suna karɓar al'ada kamar yadda aka tabbatar lokacin da Adiewer ya ɗauki matar ta biyu. Ma'auratan sun bayyana tsakanin tsammanin gargajiya da 'yancin sabon tunani.
Jigo na biyu a cikin Idu shine ma'auni biyu da rashin murya na mata.[1] Ta hanyar dangantakar Ojiugo da Amarajeme, ana zaton Ojiugo shine dalilin da ya sa ma'auratan ba za su iya haihuwa ba. Koyaya, lokacin da Ojiugo ta haifi ɗa tare da wani mutum, Amarajeme ya fahimci cewa ba shi da haihuwa, ya lalace, kuma ya kashe kansa. Ojiugo ta mutu a wannan rana saboda sadaukarwa ga mijinta na farko, alama ce ta yin amfani da muryarta da zabar aure fiye da uwaye.
Jigo na ƙarshe a cikin Idu shine ƙarfin mata a cikin ƙabilar Afirka.[1] An nuna Idu a matsayin jarumi, mace mai tunani mai zaman kanta wacce ke da ƙwazo da kuma tabbatar da kai. Daga ƙarshe, bayan mutuwar Adiewere, Idu ta yi amfani da 'yancin kanta na ƙarshe, ta ƙi cewa zama uwaye ya fi muhimmanci kuma ta zaɓi ta mutu kuma ta bar ɗanta don ta kasance tare da mijinta.
Tarihi da bugawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An buga shi a London ta Heinemann Educational Books a cikin 1970, Idu shine aikin na biyu da marubucin Najeriya Flora Nwapa ya rubuta.[4] Bayan fitowar littafinta na farko Efuru a shekarar 1966, Nwapa ta samu nasarar kafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta a Najeriya kasancewa daya daga cikin mata masu rubutun farko a lokacin. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran ayyukanta, an rubuta Idu da niyyar kalubalantar kwatancin mata a cikin wallafe-wallafen Najeriya. An sake sake sakin littafin a cikin 1989 ta Heinemann Educational Books a matsayin shigarwa ta 56 a cikin Jerin Marubutan Afirka. Littafin bai kasance a cikin bugawa ba tun daga wannan lokacin kuma ba wani ɓangare ne na sake sabuntawa na African Writers Series ta Pearson Education . [5]
Kyauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Littattafan Flora Nwapa da labaru suna ɗaukar batutuwa kamar aure, alhakin zamantakewa, sadaukar da kai, da bil'adama sannan kuma suna tambayar ka'idodin al'adu da ke da alaƙa da su.[1]
A al'ada, an rubuta wallafe-wallafen Igbo daga hangen nesa na namiji, duk da haka, an rubuta Idu daga hangen nesa.[1] Haruffukan mata a cikin Idu sune waɗanda aka nuna suna yin sadaukarwa don "mafi kyau".[1] Idu ya tilasta masu karatu su ga mace daga sabon hangen nesa. Ana nuna mace a matsayin mutum mai kwakwalwa, ji, motsin rai, da sha'awa; ba abu ne kawai ba.[1]
Nwapa tana amfani da Idu don haskaka matsalolin da ke cikin al'ummar Igbo. Ta hanyar halayenta, ta jaddada muhimmancin warkar da al'ummarsu don ba da damar sake haihuwar al'ummar su da mutanensu.[6]
Koyaya, masu sukar suna tabbatar da cewa Idu kuma ya bar gado wanda ke nuna cewa yara ba su da mahimmanci kamar soyayya. Idu ta kashe kanta ta hanyar yunwa bayan Adiewere ta mutu, duk da cewa tana da ciki kuma tana da ɗa.[7] A cikin duniyar da yara suka zo da farko, Idu ya aika da saƙon cewa ƙaunar mutane biyu ta fi ƙaunar yaro girma.[7] Idu ta kalubalanci rawar da ta taka a cikin al'ummar Igbo amma gaskiyar cewa tana da ciki "yana haifar da matsala game da rashin haihuwa".[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Umeh, Marie (1995). "Signifying the Griottes: Flora Nwapa's Legacy of vision and voice". Research in African Literatures. 26 (2): 114–124. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Umeh1" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 4 Nwankwo, Chimalum. "The Igbo Word in Flora Nwapa's Craft". Research in African Literatures. 26 (2): 42–53. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Nwankwo" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 Asika, Ikechukwu Emmanuel; Akabuike, Ifeoma (2012). "Re-reading Flora Nwapa's Efuru and Idu: Myth as a Vehicle for Cultural Transmission and Awareness". AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities. 1 (2): 85–99.
- ↑ "Flora Nwapa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0". - 1 2 Ogunvemi, Chikwenye Okonjo. "Introduction: The Invalid Death, and the Author: The Case of Flora Nwapa". Research in African Literatures. 26 (2): 1–16. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Ogunvemi1" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 Marie, Umeh. "Flora Nwapa As Author, Character, and Omniscient Narrator on "The Family Romance" in An African Society". Dialectical Anthropology. 26 (3/4): 334–355.