Ikelan
 | |
| Yankuna masu yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Burkina Faso, Mali da Nijar | |
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
| Buzaye |
Ikelan ( Éklan / Ikelan ko Ibenheren a cikin Tamasheq ; Bouzou a Hausa ; Bella a cikin Songhai ; Akli guda daya ) zuriya ce a cikin al'ummar Abzinawa, wadanda a wani lokaci bayi ne ko kuma al'ummomi masu zaman kansu a kasashensu na haihuwa kamar Mauritania, Mali da Nijar.
Halin na Ikelan ya ɗan yi kama da na Haratin a cikin al'ummar Maure a Mauritania . Kamar Haratin, sunan "Ikelan", kuma zuwa mafi girma digiri Bouzou da Bella, su ne exonyms (sunan da ba su amfani da su da kansu) tare da mummunan ma'ana. A tarihi an yi amfani da kalmar "Ikelan" don nufin bayin Abzinawa. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da suke magana da yare iri ɗaya da manyan Abzinawa, mai yiyuwa ne asalin asalinsu daga sauran al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da su.
Tsarin Caste
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Al'ummar Abzinawa a baya suna da al'umma mai ma'ana sosai, tare da takamaiman ayyuka na zamantakewa (mayaƙa, shugabanin addini) ko sana'o'i (masu maƙeran, manoma, ƴan kasuwa) da aka ba su ga ƙayyadaddun al'umma. Ɗaliban manyan jarumai waɗanda suka taɓa zama a kan dala na al'ummar Abzinawa an lalata su a lokacin yake-yaƙe na lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma wannan, tare da larura na tattalin arziki, ƙuntatawa kan iyakokin bayan mulkin mallaka, da ilimin zamani, sun rushe shingen al'ada da yawa.
Al'adun kabilar Abzinawa mafi girma suna daraja rayuwar makiyaya, yaƙi, karatu, kiwo, da kasuwanci. Saboda haka, manyan al'ummomin yanki suna tafiya, aƙalla lokaci-lokaci, idan za su iya. Ƙungiyoyin ƙanana, ba wai kawai Ikelan ba, sun fi zama a cikin al'ummomin da suka zauna, ko dai a cikin garuruwan Sahara ko kuma a cikin ƙauyuka da ke warwatse tsakanin sauran kabilun yankin Sahel a kudu. [1] [2]
Samuwar da rawar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yayin da Abzinawa suka koma kudu a nahiyar a karni na 11 miladiyya, sun dauki bayi a matsayin fursunonin yaki. Yawancin bayi an kwashe su daga al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da su, da kuma daga abokan hamayyar Abzinawa Kels (kungiyoyin kabilu). Waɗannan éklan sun taɓa kafa jinsin zamantakewa na musamman a cikin al'ummar Abzinawa. [3]
Ƙungiyoyin masu hidima sun zo cikin nau'i biyu: bayi na gida suna zama kusa da masu su a matsayin masu hidima da makiyaya, kuma suna aiki a matsayin ɓangare na iyali, tare da hulɗar zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, dukan al'ummomi sun zama masu bautar da ƙabilanci, sun ci nasara a wurin, sun kafa ta hanyar ƙaura daga iyalan Ikelan ko ma wasu kabilun da ke shiga cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa suna neman kariya. Wani lokaci mambobi na Kels, waɗanda aka ci nasara a yaƙi, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙananan simintin, amma yawanci suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da Ikelan. [3]
Ƙungiyoyin noma masu hidima ko kuma masu hako gishiri, masu kama da na Turawa sun kasance suna shiga cikin al'adun Abzinawa sannu a hankali, ana kiyaye makiyayan Abzinawa a lokacin zagayowar shekara-shekara, ko ba da kasuwanci ko wuraren noma ga dangin Abzinawa. Kafin karni na 20, Abzinawa sun kama yawancin bayi a lokacin farmakin da aka kai a wasu al'ummomi da kuma yakin. A lokacin yaki shi ne babban tushen samar da bayi, ko da yake ana saye da yawa a kasuwannin bayi, galibi ‘yan asalin kasar ne. [3]
Wasu manyan mutanen Abzinawa da ƙwararru sun auri bayi, 'ya'yansu kuma suka zama 'yantattu. A wannan ma'ana, éklan ya kafa sassa daban-daban na iyali: "'ya'ya na gaskiya." Gaba dayan al'ummomin Ikelan, a gefe guda, aji ne da aka gudanar a cikin yanayin gado na gado, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi a Yammacin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma galibi ba su da wata mu'amala da manyan 'yan'uwansu ko da yake mafi yawan shekara.
Lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sun kafa doka don kawar da bautar, amma ba su tilasta shi ba. Wasu masu sharhi na ganin an fi karkata sha'awar Faransa wajen wargaza tattalin arzikin Abzinawa na gargajiya, wanda ya dogara da aikin bayi don kiwo, fiye da 'yantar da bayi. [4] Masanin tarihi Martin Klein ya bayar da rahoton cewa, an yi wani gagarumin yunƙuri da hukumomin Faransa na yammacin Afirka suka yi na 'yantar da bayi da sauran ƙauyuka masu nasaba da juna a yankunan Abzinawa bayan tawayen Firouan na – .
Duk da haka, jami'an Faransa bayan yakin duniya na biyu sun ba da rahoton cewa, akwai wasu " Bella " kimanin 50,000 da ke karkashin ikon manyan malaman Abzinawa a yankunan Gao-Timbuktu na kasar Soudan kadai. Wannan ya kasance akalla shekaru arba'in bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Faransa ya faru a wasu yankuna na mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1946, jerin ɓangarorin ɓarkewar bayi na Abzinawa da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa sun fara a Nioro daga baya a Menaka, suna bazuwa cikin kwarin kogin Neja.
A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, masu gudanar da mulkin Faransa a yankunan kudancin Abzinawa na Sudan ta Faransa sun kiyasta "kyauta" ga al'ummar Abzinawa "bauta" a rabon 1 zuwa 8 ko 9. A lokaci guda yawan servile " rimaibe " na Masina Fulbe, kusan daidai da Bella, sun kasance tsakanin 70% zuwa 80% na yawan Fulbe, yayin da ƙungiyoyin Songhai masu hidima a kusa da Gao sun kasance kusan 2/3 zuwa 3/4 na yawan jama'ar Songhai. [5]
Klein ya ƙarasa da cewa kusan kashi 50% na al'ummar ƙasar Faransa a farkon karni na 20 sun kasance cikin wata dangantaka ta ɓangaro da bayi.
Yanayin zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da jihohin da suka samu ‘yancin kai suka nemi haramta bautar da mutane, sakamakon da aka samu ya cakude. Dangantakar kabilanci na al'ada sun ci gaba a wurare da yawa, ciki har da tsarin bauta. [3] [6] [7] [8] [9] A wasu yankuna, zuriyar waɗannan bayi da aka sani da Bella har yanzu bayi ne a duk faɗin suna. A Nijar, inda aka haramta bautar a shekara ta 2003, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 8% na al'ummar kasar suna bauta bayan shekaru biyu. [8]
Mali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kasar Mali, 'yan kabilar Tuareg masu bautar gado sun ba da rahoton cewa, ba su amfana daga damar samun ilimi daidai-da-wane ba, kuma wasu kungiyoyi da kabilanci sun hana su 'yancin walwala. Al’ummomin Ikelan a Gao da Ménaka kuma sun ba da rahoton nuna wariya da jami’an yankin da sauran su ke yi wanda ya hana su damar samun takaddun shaida ko katin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri’a, gano isassun gidaje, kare dabbobinsu daga sata, neman kariya ta doka, ko samun tallafin ci gaba.
A shekara ta 2008, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Abzinawa mai suna Temedt, tare da Anti-Slavery International, sun ba da rahoton cewa "dubban" 'yan kabilar Abzinawa Bella sun kasance bayi a yankin Gao da kuma musamman a kusa da garuruwan Ménaka da Ansongo . Suna korafin cewa duk da cewa dokokin kasar sun kawo gyara, amma ba kasafai kotunan Mali ke warware shari'a ba. [10]
Nijar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Jamhuriyar Nijar, inda aka haramta bautar a shekara ta 2003, wani bincike ya nuna cewa sama da mutane 800,000 ne har yanzu bayi, kusan kashi 8% na al'ummar kasar. [6] [8] Bautar ta samo asali ne tun shekaru aru-aru a Nijar kuma a karshe an same ta da laifi a shekara ta 2003, bayan shekaru biyar da kungiyar Anti-Slavery International da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Nijar, Timidria . [9]
Bautar da ta samo asali daga zuriya, inda zuriyar iyali ɗaya ta kasance cikin bauta, a ƙalla huɗu daga cikin ƙabilu takwas na Nijar ne ke yi. Masu rike da bayi galibi sun fito ne daga kabilun makiyaya - Abzinawa, Fula, Toubou da Larabawa . [11] A yankin Say da ke gefen dama na kogin Nijar, an kiyasta cewa kashi uku bisa hudu na al'ummar kasar a tsakanin shekarun 1904-1905 sun hada da bayi. [12]
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0
- ↑ Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1-84162-152-8
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Niger: Slavery - an unbroken chain". IRIN. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "IRIN1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Martin A. Klein. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. (African Studies, number 94.) New York: Cambridge University Press. (1998) ISBN 978-0-521-59678-7
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKlein1998ApI - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hilary Andersson (11 February 2005). "Born to be a Slave in Niger". BBC News. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "BBC" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Brian Handwerk (5 December 2002). "Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 8, 2003. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "The Shackles of Slavery in Niger". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ABC" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mike Pflanz and Georgina Cranston (10 March 2005). "On Way to Freedom, Niger's Slaves Stuck in Limbo". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 3 April 2012. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "CSM" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Mali: Thousands Still Live in Slavery in North". IRIN. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ↑ Paul Raffaele (September 2005). "Born into Bondage". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ↑ Galy kadir Abdelkader (March 2004). "Slavery in Niger" (PDF). Anti-Slavery International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2012.