Ikon yarinya

Ikon yarinya
slogan (en)

Ikon 'yan mata taken da ke ƙarfafawa da kuma murnar ƙarfafa mata da kuma kyakkyawan fata. An yaba wa ƙirƙirar taken ga ƙungiyar mawakan punk ta Amurka Bikini Kill, waɗanda suka buga wani fim mai suna Bikini Kill #2: Ikon 'Yan mata a 1991. Daga nan sai ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Burtaniya Spice Girls ta shahara a cikin manyan mutane a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A cewar mujallar Rolling Stone, amfani da "ikon 'yan mata" da Spice Girls ke yi yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu waɗanda suka tsara ƙarni na Millennial, musamman a lokacin yarintarsu a shekarun 1990. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar amfani da taken yana da mahimmanci shekaru talatin bayan haka a cikin shekarun 2020 ta hanyar ci gaba da ƙungiyoyin mata.

Amfani da farko da asali

'Yan mata sanye da sarƙoƙi na "Girl power" a zanga-zangar mata ta 2017 a birnin New York

A shekarar 1990, ƙungiyar mawakan punk ta Amurka Bikini Kill ta fara yin wakokinta na mata masu suna. Fitowarta ta farko ta ƙunshi taken, A color and activity book . Shekara guda bayan haka ƙungiyar ta buga bugu na biyu na bikin Bikini Kill, tare da sabon taken Girl Power . Babbar mawaƙin ƙungiyar, Kathleen Hanna, ta ce taken Black Power ya samo asali ne daga taken Black Power . Marubutan littafin Young Feminity: Girlhood, Power and Social Change sun yi jayayya cewa kalmar kuma ta samo wahayi ne daga salon wakokin hip hop na shekarun 80, "You go girl."

Kalmar ta shahara a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1990s a al'adun punk. Littafin Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ya yaba wa wannan salon da ya samar da taken: "A cikin Bikini Kill, mai son mata, sun bayyana ajandar matasa mata a ciki da wajen kiɗa; ƙungiyar mawakan ta sanya waɗannan ra'ayoyin don yin aiki. Bikini Kill ta sami suna a cikin filin wasan punk na ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda fuskantar wasu ƙa'idodi na wannan nau'in; misali, suna roƙon mutane su yi ihu a gefen dandamali, don kada a tura mata daga gaba, da kuma gayyatar mata su ɗauki makirufo su yi magana game da cin zarafin jima'i."

A wasu lokutan ana rubuta kalmar "ƙarfin grrrl", bisa ga rubutun " riot grrrl ." Bikini Kill ne ya fara ƙungiyar Riot Grrrl a shekarun 1990 ta hanyar kiɗansu da kuma mayar da martani ga al'adun masana'antar punk masu tsattsauran ra'ayi game da jima'i.

Wasu daga cikin mawakan kiɗan da suka yi amfani da taken a cikin waƙoƙinsu su ne ƙungiyar Welsh mai suna Helen Love, inda ta fito a cikin waƙarsu ta 1992 mai suna "Formula One Racing Girls", da kuma mawakan pop-punk Shampoo, waɗanda suka fitar da kundin waƙoƙi da waƙa mai suna Girl Power a 1995. An haɗa taken a cikin nishaɗin yara, The Cheetah Girls sun fitar da waƙarsu mai suna "Girl Power" a 2003 ta hanyar Disney .

'Yan Matan Spice

Shahararriyar mawakiyar Burtaniya mai suna Spice Girls ta gabatar da mantra a cikin al'ada a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Sigar "ikon 'yan mata" ta Spice Girls ta mayar da hankali kan mahimmancin abota mai ƙarfi da aminci tsakanin mata da 'yan mata, tare da saƙon ƙarfafawa wanda ya jawo hankalin 'yan mata ƙanana, matasa da manyan mata. A cewar mujallar Billboard, sun nuna abota ta gaske, wacce ba ta gasa ba, suna rera waƙa: "Idan kina son zama masoyina, dole ne ki yi mu'amala da abokaina. Ki sa ta dawwama har abada; abota ba ta ƙarewa."

A duka, gabatar da "ikon 'yan mata" mai da hankali, akai-akai ya zama babban abin jan hankalinsu a matsayin ƙungiyar mawaka. Wasu masu sharhi suna yaba wa 'yan matan Spice da sake farfaɗo da tsarin mata na yau da kullun a shekarun 1990, tare da mantra "ikon 'yan mata" wanda ke aiki a matsayin ƙofar shiga tsarin mata ga matasan magoya bayansu. A gefe guda kuma, wasu masu suka sun yi watsi da "ikon 'yan mata" a matsayin dabarar tallatawa mara zurfi, yayin da wasu suka yi suka da fifita yanayin jiki, suna damuwa da yuwuwar tasirin da zai iya yi wa matasa masu hankali da/ko masu jan hankali: Kamar yadda Jennifer Pozner, ' yar Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ta lura, "watakila zato ne mai kyau a ce 'zig-a-zig-ah' ba gajeriyar magana ba ce ta Spice don 'juyar da tsarin da ya fi rinjaye ' . Duk da haka, kalmar ta zama wani abu na al'adu, an ɗauke ta a matsayin mantra ga miliyoyin 'yan mata har ma an sanya ta a cikin Kamus na Turanci na Oxford . A taƙaice game da manufar, marubuci Ryan Dawson ya ce, "'Yan Matan Spice sun canza al'adun Birtaniya har yanzu ba su yi kama da abin mamaki ba."

A shekarar 2018, Rolling Stone ta sanya wa Spice Girls suna "ikon 'yan mata" a cikin shirin Millennial 100, jerin mutane 100, kiɗa, abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka tsara ƙarni na ƙarni .

tallafin karatu

A cikin littafinta na 2002 mai suna Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture, Susan Hopkins ta ba da shawarar alaƙa tsakanin "girl power", Spice Girls, da jaruman mata a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Wani littafi na baya, Growing Up With Girl Power, na Rebecca Hains (2012) ya gano cewa kalmar "girl power" da kafofin watsa labarai da ke da alaƙa da ita - kamar Spice Girls da jaruman girl - sun karkatar da tasirin jumlar daga manufar bore grrrls, suna mai da ita game da tallatawa da sayar da ra'ayin ƙarfafawa maimakon haɓaka ƙarfafawa ga 'yan mata na gaske.

An kuma yi nazarin taken a cikin mahallin fannin ilimi, misali nazarin Buffy . Kathleen Rowe Karlyn, mai ra'ayin kafofin watsa labarai, a cikin labarinta mai suna "Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminism's Third Wave: I'm Not My Mother" da Irene Karras a cikin "The Third Wave's Final Girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer" sun ba da shawarar alaƙa da feminism na uku . Frances Early da Kathleen Kennedy a cikin gabatarwar Athena's Daughters: Television's New Women Warriors, sun tattauna abin da suka siffanta a matsayin haɗi tsakanin ikon 'yan mata da kuma "sabon" hoton mata mayaka a cikin al'adun jama'a.

Kamus na Turanci na Oxford

Wani sabuntawa da aka yi a shekarar 2001 ga Oxford English Dictionary ya bayyana "ikon yarinya" a matsayin:

Power exercised by girls; spec. a self-reliant attitude among girls and young women manifested in ambition, assertiveness, and individualism. Although also used more widely (esp. as a slogan), the term has been particularly and repeatedly associated with popular music; most notably in the early 1990s with the briefly prominent "riot girl" movement in the United States (cf. RIOT GIRL n.); then, in the late 1990s, with the British all-female group The Spice Girls.

Kamus ɗin ya ƙara bayar da misali na wannan kalma ta hanyar ambato daga "Angel Delight", wani labarin da aka buga a mujallar Dreamwatch ta ranar 24 ga Maris, 2001 game da shirin talabijin na Dark Angel :

After the Sarah Connors and Ellen Ripleys of the 1980s, the 1990s weren't so kind to the superwoman format—Xena Warrior Princess excepted. But it's a new 2000 millennium now, and while Charlie's Angels and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are kicking up a storm on movie screens, it's been down to James Cameron to bring empowered female warriors back to television screens. And tellingly, Cameron has done it by mixing the sober feminism of his Terminator and Aliens characters with the sexed-up girl power of a Britney Spears concert. The result is Dark Angel.

Suka

An nuna taken Girl Power a wani gangamin mata a Sacramento, California

Debbie Ging, ƙwararriyar masaniyar sadarwa, ta yi suka ga manufofin "ikon 'yan mata", kuma ta danganta hakan da yin lalata da ƙananan yara, musamman 'yan mata.

Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Amy McClure ta yi gargaɗi game da sanya bege mai yawa ga ikon 'yan mata a matsayin ra'ayi mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. Ta ce, "Akidar da ta dogara da saye-saye ba za ta taɓa zama motsi na zamantakewa mai juyin juya hali ba. Gaskiyar cewa ta bayyana a matsayin motsi na juyin juya hali ƙarya ce mai haɗari da ba wai kawai masu tallatawa ke sayar mana ba har ma da cewa sau da yawa muna sayar wa kanmu da farin ciki." Rebecca Hains ta kuma soki "ikon 'yan mata" na yau da kullun saboda aikinta na kasuwanci, tana jayayya a cikin Nazarin Mata a Sadarwa cewa "yana lalata aiki na gaskiya don daidaito, yana hidimar muradun kamfanoni tare da ɓatar da muradun 'yan mata," kuma ta kira shi "sabunta sigar ' kayayyakin mata na mata .'"

Duk da asalin kalmar a cikin Black Power da Black hip hop, Raisa Alvarado ta yi jayayya cewa ƙungiyar Girl Power "tana mai da hankali kan fararen mata, matsakaici da manyan 'yan mata." Bugu da ƙari, Alvarado ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ƙa'idar tattaunawar ikon 'yan mata, kamar yadda aka yaɗa a cikin al'adun jama'a... tana haɓaka farin ciki ta hanyar wakilcin neoliberal, postfeminist, da bayan tsere na 'yan mata masu ƙarfi." Marubutan Matasan Mata Sinikka Aapola, Marnina Gonick, Jo Campling, da Anita Harris sun lura cewa ƙungiyar Girl Power "ta dace... hotuna da jawabai na ƙarfin mata baƙar fata, iko da ikon da za su yi wa manyan mata 'yan matsakaicin aji".

Kafofin watsa labarai da kayan wasan yara na iya gabatar da taƙaitaccen ma'anar abin da ake nufi da zama yarinya, kamar Barbie na Mattel. Barbie na "Zan iya zama" ya ƙunshi wannan ra'ayi na "ikon yarinya": cewa ƙananan 'yan mata na iya zama duk abin da suke so idan sun girma. Barbie ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai dacewa a cikin 2020s ta hanyar fim ɗin Barbie na 2023 wanda Margot Robbie ta fito a ciki. Forbes ma ta sanya Barbie a cikin Jerin Mata Masu Iko na Forbes na 2023. A bayyane yake cewa hoton Barbie kuma yana gabatar da zaɓuɓɓuka masu kunkuntar waɗanda 'yan mata za su iya ganewa da su, yana iyakance yuwuwar kowace layi mai taken "ikon yarinya".

Baya ga damuwa game da tasirin ikon 'yan mata ga 'yan mata, wasu masu suka sun yi tambaya game da amfani da shi ga mata. Misali, Hannah Jane Parkinson ta jaridar The Guardian ta soki kalmar "ikon 'yan mata" a matsayin wani abu da "mata matasa [waɗanda] ke jin kwarin gwiwa game da kiran kansu masu ra'ayin mata kuma suna tsayawa kan ka'idojin daidaito" ke ɓoye a baya. Ta yi Allah wadai da kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen haɗa kalmar "yarinya", tana mai da'awar cewa hakan yana ƙarfafa amfani da kalmar "yarinya" ga manyan mata.