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Ilimi na tilas

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Ilimi na tilas
duty (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na karantarwa
Babban tsarin rubutu Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara
Shekaru na tilastawa ilimi ko tilastawa makaranta a duniya a cikin 2024

ilimi na tilas yana nufin lokacin ilimi wanda ake buƙata ga dukan mutane kuma gwamnati ta tilasta shi. Wannan ilimin na iya faruwa a makaranta da aka yi rajista ko a gida ko wasu wurare.

Kasancewa a makaranta na tilas ko zuwa makaranta na tilasta yana nufin cewa iyaye suna tilastawa su aika da yaransu zuwa makarantar da aka amince da ita.[1]

Dukkanin kasashe ban da Bhutan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, da Vatican City (wanda ba shi da yara ko yara mazauna) suna da dokokin ilimi na tilas. (Wataƙila tsohon yayi ne ko kuma ba daidai ba ne)

Manufar

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A farkon karni na 20, manufar ilimi na tilas shine don sarrafa ƙwarewar jiki wanda ya zama dole kuma ana iya ba da gudummawa ga al'umma. Har ila yau, ya ba da dabi'u na ɗabi'a da ƙwarewar sadarwa ta zamantakewa a cikin matasa, kuma zai ba da damar baƙi su dace da al'ummar da ba a sani ba na sabuwar ƙasa.[2] Ana amfani dashi galibi don inganta ilimin dukkan 'Yan ƙasa, rage yawan ɗaliban da suka daina zuwa makaranta saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki na iyali, da daidaita bambancin ilimi tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar hujja]

Haɗin kai tsakanin matakin samun ilimi a cikin ƙasa da ƙwarewar yawan ɗalibanta ba su da ƙarfi. Wannan rashin alaƙa tsakanin samun ilimi da ingancin ilimi na iya zama sakamakon rashin ƙarfi don aiwatar da manufofin ilimi ko rashin bayanai daga masu tsara manufofi game da yadda za a inganta ilmantarwa na ɗalibai. A wasu yanayi, ana iya motsa gwamnatoci da gangan don samar da ilimi saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da inganta ilimin da ƙwarewar 'yan ƙasa.[3]

A cikin tarihi, dokokin tilastawa na ilimi yawanci sune sabuwar hanyar shiga tsakani ta ilimi da jihohi suka kafa. Gabaɗaya, gwamnatoci a Turai da Latin Amurka sun fara shiga tsakani a ilimin firamare a matsakaita na shekaru 107 kafin dimokuradiyya kamar yadda aka auna ta Polity. Dokokin ilimi na tilas, duk da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin matakan ƙarshe da gwamnatocin tsakiya suka gabatar da ke neman tsara ilimin firamare, duk da haka an aiwatar da matsakaicin shekaru 52 kafin dimokuradiyya kamar yadda aka auna ta Polity da shekaru 36 Zaɓin maza na duniya..[3]

A tarihi, akwai yanayin da ake gabatar da ilimin jama'a bayan yakin basasa.[4] Dangane da binciken 2022, wadanda ba su da dimokuradiyya akai-akai sun gabatar da ilimin jama'a don koyar da biyayya da girmamawa ga iko.[4]

Tarihi

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Tsohon zamani zuwa zamanin da

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Ilimi na tilas ba a taɓa jin shi ba a zamanin d ̄ a. Koyaya, lokuta galibi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin sarauta, na addini ko na soja - sun bambanta da ra'ayoyin zamani na ilimi na tilas.

Jamhuriyyar Plato (c. 424 – c. 348 KZ) an lasafta shi da yada manufar ilimi na tilas a tunanin tunanin Yammacin Turai. Dalilin Plato ya kasance kai tsaye. Mafi kyawun birni zai buƙaci daidaitattun mutane, kuma daidaikun mutane masu kyau zasu buƙaci ingantaccen ilimi. Yaɗawar ra'ayoyin Plato ya fara ne da faɗuwar Renaissance da fassarar ayyukan Plato ta Marsilio Ficino (1434-1499), wanda ya ƙare a cikin Haskakawa. Masanin falsafar Haskakawa Jean-Jacques Rousseau, wanda aka sani da aikinsa akan ilimi (ciki har da Emile, ko Akan Ilimi), ya ce, 'Don samun kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin jama'a, karanta Jamhuriyar Plato. Ba maganar siyasa ba ce, kamar yadda waɗanda kawai suke yin la’akari da littattafai da takensu suke tunani, amma ita ce mafi kyawun aiki, mafi kyawun aiki kan ilimi da aka taɓa rubutawa.’[1]

A Sparta yara maza tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 7 sun bar gidajensu kuma an tura su makarantar soja. Darussan makaranta sun kasance masu tsanani kuma an bayyana su a matsayin "lokacin horo mai tsanani". Tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 20, maza na Spartan dole ne su wuce gwajin da ya kunshi lafiya, ikon soja, da ƙwarewar jagoranci. Rashin nasarar dalibi yana nufin kwace 'yancin zama (perioidos) da' yancin siyasa. Shigarwa wata al'ada ce ta wucewa zuwa namiji da zama ɗan ƙasa, inda zai ci gaba da aiki a cikin soja kuma ya horar da shi a matsayin soja har zuwa shekaru 60 lokacin da soja zai iya yin ritaya don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa.

Kowane iyaye a Yahudiya tun zamanin d ̄ a ana buƙatarsa su koya wa 'ya'yansu aƙalla ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin ƙarni, yayin da birane, garuruwa da ƙauyuka suka ci gaba, ɗaliban malamai da ake kira Rabbis sun samo asali. A cewar Talmud (ba da labari Bava Bathra 21a), wanda ke yabon mai hikima Joshua ben Gamla tare da kafa ilimin Yahudawa na yau da kullun a ƙarni na 1 AD, Ben Gamla ya kafa makarantu a kowane gari kuma ya sanya ilimi na yau da kullum ya zama tilas daga shekaru 6 zuwa 8.

Aztec Triple Alliance, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1428 zuwa 1521 a cikin abin da ke yanzu tsakiyar Mexico, an dauke shi a matsayin jiha ta farko da ta aiwatar da tsarin ilimin tilas na duniya, kodayake jihohin Nahua na baya na iya samun shi. [dubious - tattauna] [<span title="referred to other Wikipedia page which was unsourced and removed, added in edit war, please substantiate the details from the cited book if you can (September 2024)">dubious</span> – discuss]

Farkon Zamanin zamani

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Juyin Juya Halin Furotesta ya haifar da kafa ilimi na tilas ga yara maza da mata, da farko a yankunan da yanzu suna cikin Jamus, sannan daga baya a Turai da Amurka.

Rubutun Martin Luther An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes (Ga masu ba da shawara na dukan garuruwa a cikin ƙasashen Jamus, 1524) ya yi kira ga kafa makarantar tilas don duk masu Ikklisiya su iya karanta Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kansu. Furotesta ta Kudu maso Yammacin Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki ba da daɗewa ba ta bi hakan. A shekara ta 1559, Duchy Württemberg na Jamus ya kafa tsarin ilimi na tilas ga yara maza. A cikin shekara ta 1592, Duchy Palatine Zweibrücken na Jamus ya zama yankin farko a duniya tare da ilimi na tilas ga 'yan mata da yara maza, sannan a cikin shekara ta 1598 ta Strasbourg, sannan birni ne mai zaman kansa na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki kuma yanzu wani ɓangare na Faransa.

A Scotland, Dokar Kafa Makaranta ta shekarar 1616 ta umarci kowane Ikklisiya ya kafa makaranta ga duk wanda masu Ikklisiya suka biya. Majalisar dokokin Scotland ta tabbatar da wannan tare da Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1633 kuma ta kirkiro harajin ƙasa na gida don samar da kudaden da ake buƙata. Duk da haka, goyon bayan mafi rinjaye da ake buƙata ga masu Ikklisiya, ya ba da damar kauce wa haraji wanda ya sanar da Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1646. Rikicin shekarun ya nuna cewa a cikin shekara ta 1661 an sami juyawa na wucin gadi zuwa matsayin da ba a tilasta ba na shekara ta 1633. Koyaya, sabuwar Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1696 ta sake kafa tanadin tilas na makaranta a kowane Ikklisiya tare da tsarin tarar, tsare-tsare, da aiwatar da gwamnati kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar tilasta aiki inda ake buƙata, yana mai da Scotland ƙasa ta farko tare da ilimin tilas na ƙasa.

A Amurka, bayan Luther da sauran masu gyarawa, 'yan majalisa Masu rabuwa waɗanda suka kafa mulkin mallaka na Plymouth a cikin shekara ta 1620, sun tilasta wa iyaye su koya wa'yansu yadda za su karanta da rubutu. Dokokin Makarantar Massachusetts, dokokin majalisa guda uku da aka kafa a Massachusetts Bay Colony a cikin shekara ta 1642, 1647, da shekarar 1648, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin matakai na farko zuwa ga ilimi na tilas a Amurka. Dokar shekara ta 1647, musamman, ta buƙaci kowane gari da ke da iyalai sama da 50 su hayar malami, kuma kowane gari na iyalai sama na 100 don kafa makaranta. An nuna himma na Puritan don ilmantarwa a farkon da saurin tashi na cibiyoyin ilimi; misali, an kafa Kwalejin Harvard tun farkon shekara ta 1636.

Prussia ta aiwatar da tsarin ilimi na tilas na zamani a cikin shekara ta 1763. [5] An gabatar da shi ta hanyar Janarallandschulreglement (General School Regulation), dokar Frederick the Great a cikin shekara ta 1763-5. The Generallandschulreglement, wanda Johann Julius Hecker ya rubuta, ya nemi dukkan matasa 'yan ƙasa, 'yan mata da yara maza, su sami ilimi daga shekaru 5 zuwa shekaru 13-14 kuma a ba su hangen nesa na asali game da addinin (Kirista), raira waƙa, karatu da rubutu bisa ga tsarin tsarin mulki, tsarin karatun littattafan rubutu na jihar. Malaman, galibi tsoffin sojoji, an nemi su shuka tsutsotsi na siliki don samun rayuwa ban da gudummawa daga 'yan ƙasa da kuma kananan hukumomi.

A Austria, Hungary da Lands of the Bohemian Crown (ƙasar Czech), Empress Maria Theresa ta gabatar da ilimin firamare na tilas a cikin shekara ta 1774.

Ƙarshen Zamanin zamani

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Haɗin makaranta na tilas bisa ga tsarin Prussian a hankali ya bazu zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Gwamnatoci a Denmark-Norway da Sweden sun karbe shi da sauri, da kuma Finland, Estonia da Latvia a cikin Daular Rasha, sannan daga baya Ingila da Wales da Faransa.[6]

Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da yaduwar ilimi na tilas, UNESCO ta lissafa a cikin shekara ta 2006 cewa a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, mutane da yawa za su sami ilimi na yau da kullun fiye da duk tarihin ɗan adam da ya gabata.

Faransa

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Faransa ta yi jinkirin gabatar da ilimi na tilas, a wannan lokacin saboda rikice-rikice tsakanin jihar da cocin Katolika, kuma a sakamakon haka tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa da malamai da Katolika. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Yuli, jami'an gwamnati sun ba da shawarar tanadin ilimin firamare na jama'a, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar Guizot ta 28 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1833. Dokar Guizot ta ba da umarnin cewa duk yankuna suna ba da ilimi ga yara maza kuma suna buƙatar makarantu su aiwatar da tsarin karatun da aka mayar da hankali kan koyarwar addini da ɗabi'a. Saitin farko na Dokokin Jules Ferry, wanda aka zartar a shekara ta 1881, ya kara rawar da gwamnatin tsakiya ke takawa a ilimi fiye da tanadin Dokar Guizot, kuma ya sanya ilimin firamare kyauta ga 'yan mata da yara maza. A cikin Shekara ta 1882, saiti na biyu na Dokokin Jules Ferry ya sanya ilimi ya zama tilas ga 'yan mata da maza har zuwa shekaru 13. A shekara ta 1936, an ɗaga iyakar shekaru zuwa 14. A shekara ta 1959, an kara fadada shi zuwa 16.

Amurka

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A shekara ta 1852, Massachusetts ita ce jihar Amurka ta farko da ta zartar da dokar tilas ta ilimi ta duniya. Musamman, Babban Kotun Massachusetts ta buƙaci kowane gari ya kirkiro da gudanar da makarantar sakandare. An ɗora wa iyayen da ba su aika da yaransu zuwa makaranta ba, kuma gwamnati ta ɗauki ikon karɓar yara daga iyayensu kuma ta koya musu wasu idan jami'an gwamnati sun yanke shawarar cewa iyaye "ba su cancanci samun yara da kyau ba". A cikin 1918, Mississippi ta zama jiha ta ƙarshe da ta kafa dokar tilastawa. [7]

A shekara ta 1922 masu jefa kuri'a na Oregon sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa Dokar Ilimi ta Oregon, wanda zai buƙaci duk yara tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 16 su halarci makarantun gwamnati, kawai suna barin banbanci ga yara marasa lafiya na hankali ko na jiki, sun wuce wani nesa na rayuwa daga makarantar jiha, ko kuma sun sami rubuce-rubuce daga mai kula da gundumar don karɓar umarni mai zaman kansa.[8] An zartar da dokar ta hanyar kuri'un jama'a amma daga baya Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Pierce v. Society of Sisters, ta ƙayyade cewa "yaro ba halitta ce kawai ta jihar ba. " Wannan shari'ar ta warware jayayya game da ko makarantun masu zaman kansu suna da damar yin kasuwanci da ilimi a cikin Amurka.

Rasha / USSR

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A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an aiwatar da dokar samar da ilimi ta tilas a cikin 1930. Ilimi da aka bayar a wannan zamanin ya fi mayar da hankali kan kawar da jahilci. Dangane da manufofi na Shirye-shiryen Shekaru biyar na mulkin, dalilin da ya sa aka samar da ilimi da koyar da karatu da rubutu shine "koyar da sabon ƙarni na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan ƙasa da ƙwararrun kimiyya. " Ci gaban masana'antu yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwararrun ma'aikata na kowane nau'i. Babu wata hanyar da za a iya barin ta hanyar baiwa ba, kuma hanya daya tilo ta biyan waɗannan bukatun ita ce ta hanyar saurin ci gaban tsarin tsarin ilimi na jama'a. Makarantun Soviet "sun amsa bukatun tattalin arziki na al'umma" ta hanyar jaddada "tsarin asali a lissafi, da ilimin polytechnic da ke da alaƙa da samar da tattalin arziki. " Yaduwar da aka yi da gangan na mulkin Soviet na mafi girman ilimi shine abin da ya fi burge ayyukan ilimi na Amurka zuwa USSR a cikin shekarun 1950.[9]

China

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An kafa ilimin tilas na shekaru tara na kasar Sin a shekarar 1986 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sabunta tattalin arziki. An tsara shi ne don inganta "duniversalization", rufe gibin ilimi ta hanyar ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane ta hanyar samar da makarantu masu aminci da inganci.[10] Shirin da farko ya fuskanci karancin saboda yawan jama'a da kuma tushen tattalin arziki mara ƙarfi, amma a shekarar 1999 makarantun firamare da ƙananan makarantun tsakiya bi da bi sun yi aiki da kashi 90% da 85% na yawan jama'ar ƙasa.[11]

Lokaci na gabatarwa

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Ranar gabatar da ilimin tilas ta ƙasa ko yanki

Shekarun 1600

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  • 1642: Koloni goma sha uku (Massachusetts Bay Colony ya gabatar da ilimi na tilas kafin kafa , gabatarwa ta farko a cikin abin da ke yanzu Amurka; don Allah duba Ilimi a Amurka don jerin lokuta na jihohi) Kingdom of Great Britain (en) Fassara United States

Shekarun 1700

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Shekarun 1800

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Shekarun 1900

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(1 Wataƙila duk tsoffin jihohin da ke cikin kasashe biyu sun riƙe ilimi na tilas)

Shekarun 2000

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Kasashen da ba a tilasta musu ilimi ba

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Ta hanyar ƙasa

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Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna shekarun da ilimi ya tilas ya fara kuma ya ƙare a kasashe daban-daban. Shekarar da aka fi sani da fara karatun tilas shine 6, amma hakan ya bambanta tsakanin 3 da 8.[36][37]

Country/Region Lower

age range 		Upper

age range 		Notes
 Argentina 4 18 [38]
 Australia 5 15/17 Upper age limit varies among states. Waived if pursuing full-time employment or full-time education.
 Austria 6 15 Compulsory education requires nine years spent in school. After completing all mandatory schooldays, it is obligatory to attend a secondary school or do an apprenticeship until the age of 18.[39]
 Belgium 5 18 In Belgium, only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory.
Herzegovina 6 15
 Bulgaria 4 16 Since 2020, compulsory education includes three years of preschool education before children start primary school.[40][41]
 Brazil 4 17 Last changed in 2009.[42]
 Canada 5–7 16/18 Children who turn five by 31 December are required to begin schooling in British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Yukon. In Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, a child is required to attend school at the age of six. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are the only provinces where the minimum compulsory attendance age is seven. Attendance in school is compulsory until the student reaches the age of 16 in all provinces except Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick, where attendance is compulsory until the student is 18 years old.
 China 6 15
 Costa Rica 4 17
Kroatiya 6 15
 Cyprus 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.[43]
 Czech Republic 5 15 Compulsory education requires one year spent in pre-school and nine years spent in school. Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year.
 Denmark 6 16
 Egypt 6 14
 England and Birtaniya 5[44] 16[45] Requirement is for a full-time education, but attendance at a school is not compulsory (section 7 of The Education Act 1996).
Istoniya 6/7 15/16 6 year olds can enter if they turn 7 by 1 October in the same year.[46]
 Finland 7 18 Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. The law changed at the end of 2020 from the age of 15 to now 18.
 France 3 16 Compulsory education only
 Germany 6 16 Varies slightly between states.
 Greece 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.
 Haiti 6 11 The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge. However, even public schools charge substantial fees. 80% of children go to private schools.
 Hong Kong 6 15 Hong Kong laws state that education is mandatory for 12 years (primary and secondary) and free for 15 years (kindergarten, primary and secondary) except for private schools or subsidized schools.
 Hungary 3 16 Since 2015, kindergarten is compulsory from age 3, although exceptions are made for developmental reasons.[47]
 India 3 18 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14. This was further updated by National Education Policy 2020 which made education free and compulsory for children aged between 3 and 18.
Indonesiya 6 18
 Iran 6 12
Ireland 5 16

Students must go to schools from ages 5 to 16 or until they have completed three years of second-level of education.[48]

Isra'ila 3 16 Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 10th grade.
 Italy 6 16
 Jamaica 5 16 Parents could face charges of child neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons. Not enforced.
 Japan 6 15
 Latvia 5 16[36][49]
 Luxembourg 4 16[36]
 Malaysia 6 12[50]
 Maldives 6 15
 Mexico 6 18 Schooling is required through upper secondary school (Preparatoria).[51]
 Morocco 6 15
 Netherlands 5 18 Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their 'start qualification' (MBO level 2, HAVO or VWO degree).
 New Zealand 6 16 Children typically commence school at five years. There is no direct cost until the age of 19.[52]
 Norway 6 15 A total of ten years (of study, and not schooling, as suggested here), where Primary school is year 1–7 (without grades), and Lower Secondary school (with grades) is year 8–10.[53]
Filipin 5 18 This was modified from 6–16 in 2011 and 2012 due to the introduction of compulsory kindergarten and senior high school.
 Poland 6 18 Compulsory education starts with one year of pre-school (kindergarten) education, after which children start primary education.[54] Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (obowiązek szkolny) and compulsory education (obowiązek nauki).
 Portugal 6 18 It is the law that children living in Portugal (if they're 6 years old or more) must go to school. Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only.
 Qatar 5 18 Education shall be compulsory and free for all children from the beginning of the primary stage until the end of the preparatory stage or the age of eighteen, whichever is earlier.
 Romania 5–6 18–19 Since 2020, the last year of kindergarten, as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education, bringing compulsory education to a total of 14 years. (see Education in Romania)
 Russia 6 17 Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority.
 Scotland 5 16 A person is of school age if he has attained the age of five years and has not attained the age of sixteen years.[55]
Sloveniya 6 15
 Singapore 7 15[56] Compulsory Education Act 2000. Children who are homeschooled may be exempted from the Act. From 2019, children with moderate-to-severe special education needs are no longer exempt from the Act (children with mild special education needs were already covered by the Act).[57]
 Spain 6 16
 Sri Lanka 5 16 11 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 11. 1997 — Compulsory Education RegulationsIssued under the Education Ordinance (No. 31 of 1939) by Gazette Notification No. 947/8, making it mandatory for all children aged 5 to 14 to attend school. The government extended the compulsory education age up to 16 years under Gazette Extraordinary No. 2009/42 (October 21, 2016), effective from 2017. [58]
 Sweden 6 16[59] All children registered in Sweden have to follow the law of 'skolplikt' (compulsory school attendance). Head teachers can only grant leave of absence if they determine that there are exceptional and very compelling reason for the child to take leave of absence from the school. To go on vacation with the family is usually not an exceptional reason to be granted leave of absence. A fine can be issued for those who do not follow the rules.
 Switzerland 4–6 15 Varies by canton.[36]
 Syria 6 15 Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9.
 Taiwan 7 15 Typical ages for 9 years (6–15) of compulsory education (starting from 1968) and optional extension (a.k.a. volunteer basic education) to age 18 (non-compulsory starting from 2014).
Thailand 4 15 Only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory in Thailand.
 Turkey 6 18 From the 1st to the 12th grade, education is compulsory. Starting in the educational year of 2012–2013, an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school. The system is commonly referred to as 4+4+4.
 United States 5–8 16–19 Ages vary between states. Beginning age varies from 5 to 8, ending age varies from 16 to 19. In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Supreme Court determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade.
 Uruguay 6 14
 Zimbabwe 6 16 Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education.

Rashin amincewa

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  1. ↑ "Compulsory Education". New England Journal of Education. 1 (5): 52. 1875. JSTOR 44763565.
  2. ↑ Niece, Richard (1983). "Compulsory Education: Milestone or Millstone?". The High School Journal. 67 (1). p. 33. JSTOR 40365328.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021). "The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years". American Political Science Review (in Turanci). 115 (1): 179–198. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000647. ISSN 0003-0554.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Paglayan, Agustina S. (2022). "Education or Indoctrination? The Violent Origins of Public School Systems in an Era of State-Building". American Political Science Review (in Turanci). 116 (4): 1242–1257. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000247. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 247848976 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Neufeld, John (October 1963). "Compulsory Education in Germany". ALA Bulletin. 57 (9): 805. JSTOR 25696774.
  6. ↑ Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu; Strang, David (1989). "Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Sociology of Education. 62 (4): 277–288. doi:10.2307/2112831. JSTOR 2112831.
  7. ↑ Katz, Michael S. "A History of Compulsory Education Laws" (PDF). ERIC – Institute of Education Sciences. ERIC. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  8. ↑ Jorgenson, Lloyd P. (1968). "The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel". The Catholic Historical Review. Catholic University of America Press. 54 (3): 455–466. JSTOR 25018244.
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Duk da yake ana ganin ilimin tilas ne a matsayin mai mahimmanci kuma mai amfani, wasu suna ganin karatun tilas a matsayin tsohon yayi kuma ba shi da amfani a duniyar yau kuma ya kasance batun zargi mai tsanani.[1] Masu sukar tilastawa suna jayayya cewa irin wannan ilimi ya keta 'yancin yara; hanya ce ta kula da siyasa; ba ta da tasiri wajen koya wa yara yadda za su magance "duniya ta ainihi" a waje da makaranta; kuma tana iya samun mummunar tasiri ga yara, wanda ke haifar da mafi girman rashin kulawa, zalunci, damuwa, da baƙin ciki.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Ƙarin karantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Coleman, J. S., da sauransu (1966). Daidaitawar Ilimi. Washington: Ofishin Buga na Gwamnatin Amurka.
  •  
  • [Hasiya] "Tushen da ba na dimokuradiyya ba na Ilimi na Jama'a: Shaida daga Shekaru 200." American Political Science Review.Binciken Kimiyya na Siyasa na Amurka.
  • Paglayan, Agustina S. (2022), "Tattalin Arziki na Siyasa na Ilimi", The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy, shafi na 837-856. Jami'ar Oxford Press,
  • [Hasiya] Absolutism da Asalin Karni na Sha takwas na Makarantar tilas a Prussia da Austria Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • White, John (1876). "Dokar kan Ilimi na tilas," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXV, shafi na 897-918. 

Samfuri:EducationSamfuri:Schools

Samfuri:Human rights

Samfuri:Human rights

  1. ↑ Strickland, Jim (7 October 2012). "Op-ed: Let's get rid of compulsory school days". The Seattle Times.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilimi_na_tilas&oldid=715516"