Ilimin halitta na mata
 Ilimin halitta na mata | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Feminism da biology |
Ilimin halitta na mata wata hanya ce ta ilmin halitta wacce ke damuwa da tasirin dabi'un jinsi, cire son zuciya na jinsi, da fahimtar rawar da dabi'un zamantakewa ke takawa a cikin bincike da ayyukan halittu. Ruth Bleier na Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison ce ta kafa ilmin halitta na mata (wanda ya rubuta aikin 1984 Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theories on Women kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga haɗin gwiwar jami'ar don ilmin halitta). Manufar ita ce inganta ilmin halitta ta hanyar haɗa sukar mata a cikin batutuwan da suka bambanta daga hanyoyin ilmin halitta da zaɓin jima'i zuwa kimanta ma'anar kalmomi kamar "jima'i" da "jima'a".Gabaɗaya, an bayyana filin sosai kuma ya shafi falsafanci a bayan aikin halittu da na mata. Wadannan la'akari sun sa ilmin halitta na mata ya zama mai muhawara kuma ya rikice da kansa, musamman idan ya shafi batutuwan ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta, inda sharuddan jima'i na namiji da mace ke da iyaka, ko matsanancin postmodernism, inda ake kallon jiki a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa. Duk da ra'ayoyin da suka fara daga ƙaddara zuwa postmodernist, duk da haka, masana kimiyyar halitta, mata, da masana kimiyyyar mata na alamomi daban-daban sun yi iƙirarin amfani da akidar mata ga aikin halitta da hanya.
Gudummawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Donna J. Haraway, masanin ilimin halittu da masanin ilimin dabbobi wanda ya fito daga Jami'ar California, ya gabatar da sukar nuna bambanci na maza a cikin 1989 game da nazarin juyin halitta da al'adu ta hanyar ilimin dabbobi ta hanyar nuna rashin mayar da hankali ga dabbobi mata. Haraway ta ba da gudummawa ga babban binciken halayyar a cikin kungiyoyin primate game da zaɓin ma'aurata, da kuma hulɗar mata da ta samo asali ne daga lura da primates mata, suna ambaton tasirin mata yayin da take nazarin primates a cikin cancantar su.
Hakazalika, masana kimiyyar halitta na mata na The Biology and Gender Study Group sun soki Androcentrism a cikin nazarin halayyar tsakanin jinsi kuma "za su kalli sukar mata kamar yadda [suna] za su sami wani iko na gwaji. " [1] Sun ambaci wani yanayin "mai aiki" bayanin halitta da ke da alaƙa da kwai, kwatanta irin wannan bayanin da jarumi mai suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa kafin su sami gidan mata. Kungiyar ta soki maganganun da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar karatun halittu da litattafai, suna mai cewa halayen da suka fi aiki da haɗari na kwai (kamar rayuwarsa daga wankewar oocytes miliyan 2) an watsar da su saboda labarin da aka tsara.
Anne Fausto-Sterling, farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta da nazarin jinsi a Jami'ar Brown, ta kimanta rikitarwa na bayyana jima'i ta hanyar ruwan tabarau mai rarrabuwa a cikin ayyukanta iri-iri kamar Jima'i da Jima'ayi da Gina Jima'a da kuma a cikin wani labarin da ta rubuta mai taken "Jima'i biyar: Me ya sa maza da mata ba su isa ba". Ta yi magana game da kasancewar mutane masu jima'i da rashin amincewa da yanayin su na kasancewa a cikin yanayin duniya ta jinsi - har ma, idan ba musamman ba, ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitoci da likitoci waɗanda suka fahimci jikin jima'i zuwa inda za su iya canza shi ta hanyar tiyata zuwa ɗaya daga cikin jinsi. Ta ce: "Abin mamaki, ƙarin ilimin rikitarwa na tsarin jima'i ya haifar da hana irin wannan rikitarwa. " [2] Fausto-Sterling ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar sake kimanta abin da ake la'akari da sa hannun likita na gaggawa saboda tasirin da ta yi imanin cewa mutunci na zamantakewa ya yi a kan daidaitattun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya - wanda hakan zai iya taimakawa wajen buɗe hanyoyin da kimiyya zata iya ɗauka.
Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dalilin bayar da shawarar ilimin halitta na mata sun bambanta. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da shi shine kalubalanci nuna bambancin jinsi wanda ya samo asali ne daga kimiyya, ta hanyar fahimtar gaskiyar kimiyya daga ayyukan da ke da tasiri a al'ada. Mutane da yawa suna jayayya game da fitowa da ci gaban kimiyya ta zamani ya haɗa da mamaye duniyar mata da kuma ware mata. Reductionism, alal misali, ra'ayi ne cewa duk al'amuran da ke cikin sararin samaniya an shirya su ne a matsayin matsayi, kuma wannan dalili yana faruwa ne kawai a ƙananan matakan wannan matsayi.[3] Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin kimiyyar ragewa da ƙaddamar da halittu, suna ba da gudummawa ga gardamar cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da halittu sune kawai abubuwan da ke faruwa, ko kuma mafi mahimmancin dalilin, na halayyar 'mata'. Wannan haɗin ya faru ne saboda ƙaddamar da cewa haifar da aiki a cikin hanyar da ta tashi daga ƙananan matakan ƙungiya zuwa matakan ƙungiya mafi girma.[3] Yawancin masana kimiyyar halittu na mata suna mai da hankali kan kawar da irin wannan nuna bambanci wanda mutane masu tasiri suka yarda da shi a matsayin gaskiya ta kimiyya.
Rikici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai muhawara mai gudana game da ko ya kamata a haɗa zargi na mata a cikin kimiyya, musamman ilmin halitta. Wasu suna jayayya [kalmomin weasel] cewa ilmin halitta na mata wani nau'i ne na Siyasa ta kimiyya, yana kira ga yin tambaya game da halattaccen ilmin halitta ya mata gaba ɗaya. A wani matakin, akwai muhawara har ma a cikin al'ummar mata game da yadda za a magance bambancin jima'i na halitta. Wasu suna da labarin muhimmancin karɓar bambancin jima'i na halitta don cimma daidaito tsakanin jinsi, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa bambancin jimaʼi ana jaddada shi sosai a cikin al'umma, yana ba da gudummawa ga ra'ayoyin jinsi.[4] Mutane irin su Carla Fehr suna ba da zargi mai kyau game da makomar falsafar mata a fagen ilmin halitta; ta ba da shawarar masana kimiyyar halitta na mata suyi la'akari da tambayoyin da suka shafi batutuwa kamar binciken genomics dangane da jinsi.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Biology and Gender Study Group (1988). "The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology". Hypatia. 3 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00056.x. S2CID 54843716.
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1993). "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough". The Sciences. 33 (2): 20–24. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fehr, Carla (2004). "Feminism and Science: Mechanism Without Reductionism". NWSA Journal. 16 (1): 136–156. S2CID 143689226.
- ↑ Schiebinger, Londa (2003). "Introduction: Feminism Inside the Sciences". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 28 (3): 859–866. doi:10.1086/345319. S2CID 146670080.