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Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa

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Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa
academic discipline (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na environmental management (en) Fassara
Bangare na biology
Amfani Kare yanayi
Significant person (en) Fassara Michael E. Soulé (en) Fassara, Kurt Benirschke (en) Fassara, Otto Frankel (en) Fassara, Thomas E. Lovejoy (en) Fassara da Jared Diamond (mul) Fassara
Muhimmin darasi biodiversity (en) Fassara, Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a, rare species (en) Fassara da Dokar Nau'in Halittu
Has characteristic (en) Fassara interdisciplinarity (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan conservation biologist (en) Fassara

Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa shine nazarin kiyaye yanayi da bambancin halittu na Duniya tare da manufar kare jinsuna, mazauninsu, da yanayin halittu daga yawan halaka da lalacewar hulɗar halittu.[1][2] Batun ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ya samo asali ne daga kimiyyar halitta da zamantakewa, da kuma aikin Gudanar da albarkatun halitta. [shafin da ake buƙata] 

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana yin ƙoƙari don adana halaye na halitta na Hopetoun Falls, Ostiraliya, ba tare da ya shafi damar baƙi ba.

Kalmar ilmin halitta na kiyayewa da tunaninsa a matsayin sabon filin ya samo asali ne daga taron "Taron Kasa da Kasa na farko kan Bincike a Ilimin Halitta" wanda aka gudanar a Jami'ar California, San Diego a La Jolla, California, a cikin 1978 karkashin jagorancin masana kimiyyar halittu na Amurka Bruce A. Wilcox da Michael E. Soulé tare da ƙungiyar manyan jami'o'i da masu binciken namun daji da masu kiyayewa ciki har da Kurt Benirschke, Sir Otto Frankel, Thomas Lovejoy, da Jared Diamond. An gabatar da taron ne saboda damuwa game da sare daji na wurare masu zafi, ɓacewar jinsuna, da lalata bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin jinsuna. Taron da ayyukan da suka haifar sun nemi fara gadar rata tsakanin ka'idar muhalli da kwayar halitta a gefe guda da manufofin kiyayewa da aiki a gefe guda.

Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa da manufar bambancin halittu (biodiversity) sun fito tare, suna taimakawa wajen bunkasa zamanin zamani na kimiyyar kiyayewa da manufofi.[3] Tushen da ke tattare da ilimin halittu na kiyayewa ya haifar da sabbin fannoni da suka hada da kimiyyar zamantakewa ta kiyayewa, halayyar kiyayewa da ilimin kiyayewa.[4] Ya haifar da ci gaba da ci gaba na kwayoyin halitta na kiyayewa wanda Otto Frankel ya samo asali da farko amma yanzu ana daukar shi a matsayin horo.[5]

Bayyanawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Raguwar saurin tsarin halittu da aka kafa a duniya yana nufin cewa ana kiran ilmin halitta na kiyayewa a matsayin "Disibi Rare da iyaka". Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa yana da alaƙa da ilimin muhalli a cikin binciken ilimin muhallu na yawan jama'a (rarraba, ƙaura, yawan jama'i, ƙimar yawan jama'a, ƙarancin ƙarancin yawan jama'ar) na nau'o'in da ba su da yawa ko masu haɗari.[6][7] Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa ya damu da abubuwan da ke shafar kiyayewa, asarar, da maido da bambancin halittu da kimiyya na ci gaba da tsarin juyin halitta wanda ke haifar da kwayar halitta, yawan jama'a, jinsuna, da bambancin yanayin halittu.[7] Damuwa ta samo asali ne daga kimantawa da ke nuna cewa har zuwa 50% na dukkan jinsunan duniya za su ɓace a cikin shekaru 50 masu zuwa, wanda zai kara talauci da yunwa, kuma zai sake dawo da hanyar juyin halitta a wannan duniyar.[8][9] Masu bincike sun yarda cewa tsinkaye suna da wahala, saboda tasirin da ba a sani ba na masu canji da yawa, gami da gabatarwar jinsuna zuwa sabbin saitunan biogeographical da yanayin da ba na analog ba.[10]

Masana kimiyyar kiyayewa suna bincike da ilmantarwa game da yanayin da tsarin asarar halittu, lalacewar jinsuna, da kuma mummunar tasirin da waɗannan ke da shi akan iyawarmu don ci gaba da jin daɗin al'ummar ɗan adam. Masana ilimin halittu na kiyayewa suna aiki a fagen da ofis, a cikin gwamnati, jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masana'antu. Batutuwan binciken su sun bambanta, saboda wannan cibiyar sadarwa ce ta hadin gwiwa tare da haɗin gwiwar kwararru a cikin ilimin halitta da kimiyyar zamantakewa. Wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu ga dalilin da sana'a suna ba da shawara don amsawar duniya ga rikicin halittu na yanzu bisa ga ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a'u, da kuma dalilin kimiyya. Kungiyoyi da 'yan ƙasa suna amsawa ga rikicin bambancin halittu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ayyukan kiyayewa waɗanda ke jagorantar bincike, saka idanu, da shirye-shirye na ilimi waɗanda ke da damuwa a cikin gida ta hanyar sikelin duniya. Akwai karuwar sanarwa cewa kiyayewa ba kawai game da abin da aka samu ba amma yadda aka yi.[11]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.

– Theodore Roosevelt[12]

Kare albarkatun kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kokarin da aka yi na kiyayewa da kare bambancin halittu na duniya wani abu ne na baya-bayan nan.[13] Kare albarkatun kasa, duk da haka, yana da tarihin da ya kai kafin shekarun kiyayewa. Ka'idojin albarkatun sun fito ne daga bukata ta hanyar dangantaka kai tsaye da yanayi. Ka'idoji ko hanawa na al'umma ya zama dole don hana son kai daga ɗaukar fiye da yadda za a iya ci gaba da shi a cikin gida, saboda haka ya lalata wadataccen lokaci ga sauran al'umma.[14] Wannan matsala ta zamantakewa game da kula da albarkatun halitta ana kiranta "Tragedy of the Commons".[15][16]

Daga wannan ka'idar, masu ilimin halittu na kiyayewa na iya gano ka'idojin da suka danganci albarkatun al'umma a cikin al'adu a matsayin mafita ga rikice-rikicen albarkatun jama'a. Misali, mutanen Alaska Tlingit da Haida na Pacific Northwest suna da iyakokin albarkatu, dokoki, da ƙuntatawa tsakanin kabilun dangane da kamun kifi na sockeye salmon. Wadannan dokoki sun kasance karkashin jagorancin dattawan dangin da suka san cikakkun bayanai game da kowane kogi da rafi da suka sarrafa.[14][17] Akwai misalai da yawa a tarihi inda al'adu suka bi dokoki, al'adu, da kuma aikin da aka tsara dangane da kula da albarkatun kasa na al'umma.[18]

Sarkin sarakuna na Mauryan Ashoka a kusa da 250 BC ya ba da umarni da ke hana yankan dabbobi da wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye, da kuma bude asibitocin dabbobi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Hakanan ana samun ka'idojin kiyayewa a cikin rubuce-rubucen addini da falsafa na farko. Akwai misalai a cikin al'adun Tao, Shinto, Hindu, Musulunci da Buddha. A cikin falsafar Girka, Plato ya koka game da lalacewar ƙasar makiyaya: "Abin da ya rage yanzu shine, don haka, kwarangwal na jikin da cutar ta lalata; an kwashe ƙasa mai arziki, mai laushi kuma kawai tsarin gundumar ya bar. " [19] A cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ta hanyar Musa, Allah ya umarce shi da ya bar ƙasar ta huta daga noma a kowace shekara ta bakwai. Kafin karni na 18, duk da haka, yawancin al'adun Turai sun dauke shi Ra'ayi na arna don sha'awar yanayi. An lalata hamada yayin da aka yaba da ci gaban noma. Koyaya, tun farkon AD 680 an kafa wani wurin kare namun daji a Tsibirin Farne ta St Cuthbert don mayar da martani ga imanin addininsa.[14]

Masana ilimin halitta na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
White Gyrfalcons wanda John James Audubon ya zana
Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na kiyayewa don fahimtar ilimin muhalli da halayyar dhole a tsakiyar China.

Tarihin halitta ya kasance babban damuwa a karni na 18, tare da manyan balaguro da buɗe shahararrun nune-nunen jama'a a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 1900 akwai Gidajen tarihi na tarihi 150 a Jamus, 250 a Biritaniya, 250 a Amurka, da 300 a Faransa. Masu kiyayewa ko masu kiyayewa ci gaba ne na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20.

Kafin Charles Darwin ya tashi a kan HMS Beagle, yawancin mutane a duniya, gami da Darwin, sun yi imani da halitta ta musamman kuma duk jinsunan ba su canza ba. George-Louis Leclerc na ɗaya daga cikin masanin halitta na farko da ya yi tambaya game da wannan imani. Ya ba da shawarar a cikin littafin tarihin halitta na 44 cewa jinsuna suna tasowa saboda tasirin muhalli.[20] Erasmus Darwin kuma masanin halitta ne wanda ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa jinsunan sun samo asali ne. Erasmus Darwin ya lura cewa wasu nau'o'in suna da tsarin da ba su da wani aiki a cikin jinsin a halin yanzu amma sun kasance da amfani ga kakannin jinsin.[20] Tunanin waɗannan masu ilimin halitta na farkon karni na 18 ya taimaka wajen canza tunanin da tunanin masu ilimin halitta a farkon karni na 19.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
  2. ↑ Soulé, Michael E. (1986). "What is Conservation Biology?" (PDF). BioScience. American Institute of Biological Sciences. 35 (11): 727–734. doi:10.2307/1310054. JSTOR 1310054. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2025-07-30.
  3. ↑ Kareiva, Peter; Marvier, Michelle (November 2012). "What Is Conservation Science?". BioScience. 62 (11): 962–969. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.5. ISSN 1525-3244.
  4. ↑ Cooke, S. J.; Sack, L.; Franklin, C. E.; Farrell, A. P.; Beardall, J.; Wikelski, M.; Chown, S. L. (2013). "What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science". Conservation Physiology. 1 (1): cot001. doi:10.1093/conphys/cot001. PMC 4732437. PMID 27293585.
  5. ↑ "Otto Frankel: 1960s Trailblazer for Plant Biodiversity Conservation". www.croptrust.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  6. ↑ Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous Uses, Population Density, and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas". Conservation Biology. 19 (2): 368–78. Bibcode:2005ConBi..19..368K. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x. JSTOR 3591249. S2CID 85324142.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J.; Ferry, P. A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544–7. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC 2936204. PMID 20106856.
  8. ↑ Koh, Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Colwell, Robert K.; Proctor, Heather C.; Smith, Vincent S. (2004). "Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis". Science. 305 (5690): 1632–4. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1632K. doi:10.1126/science.1101101. PMID 15361627. S2CID 30713492.
  9. ↑ Jackson, J. B. C. (2008). "Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–65. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
  10. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Hargrove, William W. (2009-07-01). "The projection of species distribution models and the problem of non-analog climate". Biodiversity and Conservation. 18 (8): 2255–2261. Bibcode:2009BiCon..18.2255F. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9584-8. ISSN 1572-9710. S2CID 16327687.
  11. ↑ Cooke, S. J.; Michaels, S.; Nyboer, E. A.; Schiller, L.; Littlechild, D. B. R.; et al. (2022-05-31). "Reconceptualizing conservation". PLOS Sustainability and Transformation. 1 (5): e0000016. doi:10.1371/journal.pstr.0000016. ISSN 2767-3197.
  12. ↑ Theodore Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907
  13. ↑ "Biodiversity protection and preservation". ffem.fr. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dyke08
  15. ↑ Hardin, G. (December 1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science. 162 (3859): 1243–8. Bibcode:1968Sci...162.1243H. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243. PMID 5699198.
  16. ↑ Also considered to be a consequence of evolution, where individual selection is favored over group selection. For recent discussions, see: Kay CE (1997). "The Ultimate Tragedy of Commons". Conservation Biology. 11 (6): 1447–1448. Bibcode:1997ConBi..11.1447K. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.97069.x. S2CID 1397580.

    and Wilson DS, Wilson EO (December 2007). "Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology" (PDF). Quarterly Review of Biology. 82 (4): 327–48. doi:10.1086/522809. PMID 18217526. S2CID 37774648. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26.
  17. ↑ Mason, Rachel and Judith Ramos. (2004). Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area, A Cooperative Agreement Between Department of the Interior National Park Service and the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe, Final Report (FIS) Project 01-091, Yakutat, Alaska."Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Tlingit People Concerning the Sockeye Salmon Fishery of the Dry Bay Area" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
  18. ↑ Murphree, Marshall W. (2009-05-22). "The strategic pillars of communal natural resource management: benefit, empowerment and conservation". Biodiversity and Conservation. 18 (10): 2551–2562. Bibcode:2009BiCon..18.2551M. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9644-0. S2CID 23587547.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dyke082
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
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