Ilimin karatu
 Ilimin karatu | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ƙunshiya da academic discipline (en)  | |||||
| Bayanai | |||||
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
skill (en) da basic study subject (en) | ||||
| Mabiyi |
learning to read (en) | ||||
| Has cause (en) | karantarwa | ||||
| Karatun ta |
sociolinguistics (en) | ||||
| Hannun riga da |
illiteracy (en) | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
| |||||
Ilimin karatu shine iya karatu da rubutu, yayin da jahilci ke nufin rashin iya karatu da rubutu. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa nazarin ilimin karatu a matsayin ra'ayi za a iya raba shi zuwa lokaci biyu: lokacin kafin 1950, lokacin da aka fahimci karatun kawai a matsayin ilimin haruffa (ganewar kalma da harafi); da kuma lokacin bayan 1950, lokacin da karatun karatu sannu a hankali ya fara la'akari da shi azaman mafi fa'ida da tsari, gami da zamantakewa da al'adu na karatu, rubutu,[1] da kuma ilimin aiki.[2][3]
Ma'anarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'anar ma'anar karatun da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da su, tankunan tunani, da ƙungiyoyi masu ba da shawara tun daga shekarun 1990 suna nuna cewa wannan canjin fahimta daga "ƙwarewar fasaha" zuwa "aiki na zamantakewa" duka yana gudana kuma bai dace ba. Wasu ma'anoni sun kasance daidai da daidaituwa tare da ma'anar "ikon karantawa da rubutu" na gargajiya, yayin da wasu suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai zurfi:
- Ƙididdigar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa ta 2003 (Amurka) ta haɗa da "ilimin ƙididdiga" (ƙididdigar ƙididdiga) a cikin maganin karatunsa. Ya ayyana karatu a matsayin “Ikon yin amfani da bugu da rubutattun bayanai don yin aiki a cikin al’umma, don cimma burin mutum, da haɓaka ilimi da yuwuwar mutum.”[4] Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ilimin manya guda uku: ilimantarwa (misali, labarin jarida), takardu (misali, jadawalin motar bas), da ilimin ƙididdiga (misali, amfani da ayyukan talla).[5]
- A cikin 2015, Sashen Kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana yawan ilimin matasa a matsayin "kashi na yawan mutanen da ke da shekaru 15-24 wadanda ke iya karatu da rubutu tare da fahimtar gajeriyar magana mai sauki kan rayuwar yau da kullun."
- A cikin 2016, Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimi ta Turai ta bayyana ilimin karatu a matsayin "ikon karantawa da rubuta. a duk kafofin watsa labaru (bugu ko na lantarki), ciki har da ilimin dijital."
- A cikin 2018, UNESCO ta haɗa da "kayan bugu da rubuce-rubuce" da "mabambantan mahallin" a cikin ma'anar karatunsa, watau "ikon ganowa, fahimta, fassara, ƙirƙira, sadarwa da ƙididdigewa, ta amfani da bugu da rubuce-rubucen da ke da alaƙa da mabanbantan mahallin.
- A shekara ta 2019, kungiyar don gudanar da tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD), a cikin shirinta na Kasa da Kasa da Kasa da Kasa, da kuma yuwuwar da za ta yi da yuwuwar mutum da yuwuwar mutum. yana ɗaukar ƙididdigewa da magance matsaloli ta amfani da fasaha a matsayin la'akari daban-daban.
- A cikin 2021, Ilimin Scotland da National Literacy Trust a cikin Burtaniya sun haɗa da ƙwarewar sadarwa ta baka (saurare da magana) a ƙarƙashin laima na karatu.
- Tun daga shekara ta 2021, Ƙungiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Duniya tana amfani da "ikon ganowa, fahimta, fassara, ƙirƙira, ƙididdigewa, da sadarwa ta amfani da kayan gani, ji, da dijital a duk fannoni da kowane mahallin."
- Cibiyar ci gaba a cikin Nazarin Karatun Karatu ta Duniya (PIRLS) ce ke amfani da kalmar "karatun karatu", wacce ke lura da yadda ake samun nasarar karatu a matakin aji na hudu tun daga 2001.
- Wasu kungiyoyi na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewar ƙididdigewa da ƙwarewar fasaha daban amma tare da ƙwarewar karatu; [19] har yanzu wasu suna jaddada karuwar shigar kwamfutoci da sauran fasahohin dijital a cikin sadarwa wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa (misali, hulɗa tare da masu binciken gidan yanar gizo da shirye-shiryen sarrafa kalmomi, tsarawa da canza daidaitawar fayiloli, da sauransu).
- Wasu masu bincike suna bayyana karatun karatu a matsayin "hanyoyi na musamman na tunani da yin karatu da rubutu" tare da manufar fahimta ko bayyana tunani ko ra'ayoyi a rubuce a cikin wani takamaiman yanayin amfani. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, mutane a cikin al'ummomi masu ilimi suna da tsari na tsarawa da cinye rubuce-rubuce, kuma suna da imani game da waɗannan ayyuka. Karatu, a wannan mahangar, kullum karanta wani abu ne don wata manufa; rubuta wani abu ne ko da yaushe rubuta wani abu ga wani don wata manufa. Imani game da karatu da rubutu da kimarsu ga al’umma da kuma daidaikun mutane ko da yaushe suna tasiri kan hanyoyin koyar da karatu, koyo, da aiwatar da su.[6]
Ma'anar ilimin karatu da yawa ya sami kuɗi, musamman a cikin manhajojin Arts na Harshen Ingilishi, bisa dalilin cewa karatun "yana da ma'amala kuma mai ba da labari, kuma yana faruwa a cikin saitunan fasaha na ci gaba da haɓaka inda bayanai ke cikin yanayin sararin samaniya, sauti, da tsarin gani (Rhodes & Robnolt, 2009)". “Wakilin haruffa”. Duk da haka, waɗannan ba su bambanta da juna ba, saboda yara za su iya ƙware a cikin karatun kalmomi yayin da suke shagaltu da harsuna da yawa.
Karatun kalmomi yana da mahimmanci ga nau'ikan sadarwa da yawa. Tun daga shekarun 1940, ana amfani da kalmar karatu sau da yawa don nufin samun ilimi ko fasaha a wani fanni, kamar:
- Ilimin Kwamfuta - Kwarewar amfani da kwamfuta da fasahar dijital
- Ilimin ilimin kimiyya - Ikon fahimtar kimiyya
- Ilimin kididdiga - Ikon fahimta da tunani tare da kididdiga da bayanai
- Ilimi mai mahimmanci - Ikon nemo wariyar wariya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai
- Ilimin Bala'i - Samfurin da aka gabatar don ikon fahimta da amfani da bayanan ceton rai, gami da ikon amsawa da murmurewa daga bala'i yadda ya kamata
- Ilimin ilimin muhalli - Ikon fahimtar tsarin halitta da hulɗar su
- Ilimin kudi - Ikon yin zaɓin da aka sani game da kuɗi
- Ilimin lafiya - Ikon fahimtar bayanan kiwon lafiya
- Ilimin ilimin harshe - Ikon karantawa, rubutu, fahimta, da magana kowane irin harshe
- Karatun Media - Ikon kewaya nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban da ganin da'awarsu a cikin mahallin faffadan
- Ilimin Siyasa - Abubuwan da ake buƙata don zaɓe mai inganci
- Ilimin zamantakewa - Ilimin da aka samu ta hanyar hulɗar zamantakewa
- Ilimin lissafi, wanda kuma ake kira ƙididdigewa - Ikon amfani da ra'ayoyin lambobi
- Karatun gani - Ikon fassara bayanai a cikin hotuna, misali, harshen jiki, hotuna, taswira, da bidiyo
- Ilimin kiɗan kiɗa - Yana nufin tsarin al'ada da aka ƙaddara na ilimi a cikin kiɗa da kuma iyawar kiɗa.
- Masanin gargajiya Eric Havelock ya haɓaka ci gaba don karatun al'ada, tun daga waɗanda aka riga aka rubuta, ta hanyar ƙwararrun sana'a, mai karantawa da rubutu-rubutu zuwa nau'in rubutu.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Gee, James (1991). "Socio-Cultural Approaches to Literacy (Literacies)". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. 12: 31–48. doi:10.1017/S0267190500002130. S2CID 146415110.
- ↑ Dijanošić, B. (2009). "Prilozi definiranju pojma funkcionalne pismenosti" [Contributions to the definition of functional literacy] (PDF). Journal of the Croatian Andragogy Society (in Croatian): 25–35.
- ↑ Réka, Vágvölgyi; Bergström, Aleksandar; Bulajić, Maria Klatte; Falk, Huettig (May 2019). "Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework". Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie. 30 (2): 111. doi:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255. S2CID 191662777.
- ↑ National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL)". nces.ed.gov.
- ↑ Measuring Literacy: Performance Levels for Adults (2005), National Academy of Sciences". 2005
- ↑ Defining literacy, UNESCO" (PDF). 18 October 2018.