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Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam

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Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam
branch of science (en) Fassara, academic discipline (en) Fassara da branch of ecology (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ecology
Bangare na ecology
Karatun ta human disease ecology (en) Fassara
Gudanarwan human ecologist (en) Fassara

ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam shine nazarin hadin kai game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutane da yanayin su na halitta, zamantakewa, da kuma gine-gine. Ya fito ne daga ilimin muhalli da kimiyyar zamantakewa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, ya haɗa ra'ayoyi daga ilmin halitta, Yanayin ƙasa, ilimin zamantakewa, ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin halayyar mutum, lafiyar jama'a, da fannoni masu alaƙa.

Harkokin horo yana nazarin yadda yawan mutane suka saba da yanayin muhalli, yadda tsarin al'adu da zamantakewa ke tasiri ga hulɗar muhalli.

Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam ya sanar da Tsarin birane, ilmin annoba, kula da albarkatu, da Manufofin muhalli, yayin da yake amfani da ilimin gargajiya da na asali game da dangantakar ɗan adam da muhalli. A yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin tsari don fahimtar ƙalubalen duniya kamar Canjin yanayi, asarar halittu, da juriya ta zamantakewa.

Ci gaban tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen ilimin muhalli a matsayin horo mai zurfi za a iya gano shi ga Helenawa da kuma jerin abubuwan da suka faru a kimiyyar tarihin halitta. Har ila yau, ilimin muhalli ya bunƙasa sosai a wasu al'adu. Ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda ake kira, ya haɗa da halayyar ɗan adam don ilimin fahimta, dangantaka mai basira, fahimta, da kuma ba da bayanai game da duniyar halitta da kwarewar ɗan adam.[1][2][3] Ernst Haeckel ne ya kirkiro kalmar ilimin muhalli a 1866 kuma an bayyana ta hanyar magana kai tsaye game da tattalin arzikin yanayi.

Kamar sauran masu bincike na zamani na zamaninsa, Haeckel ya karɓi kalmominsa daga Carl Linnaeus inda haɗin muhalli na ɗan adam ya fi bayyane. A cikin littafinsa na 1749, Specimen academicum de oeconomia naturae, Linnaeus ya haɓaka kimiyya wanda ya haɗa da tattalin arziki da polis na yanayi. Polis ya samo asali ne daga asalin Girka don al'ummar siyasa (asalin da ya dogara da birane-jihohi), yana raba tushensa tare da kalmar 'yan sanda dangane da inganta ci gaba da kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa mai kyau a cikin al'umma.[4][5] Linnaeus kuma shine na farko da ya rubuta game da kusanci tsakanin mutane da primates.[6] Linnaeus ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin farko da aka samo a fannoni na zamani ga ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam, gami da ma'auni na yanayi yayin da yake nuna muhimmancin ayyukan muhalli (hidimomin muhalli ko Babban birnin halitta a cikin zamani): "A musayar yin aikinsa da gamsarwa, yanayi ya ba da nau'in da abubuwan da ake bukata na rayuwa" : Ayyukan Linnaeus na 66 sun rinjayi Charles Darwin da sauran masana kimiyya na lokacinsa waɗanda suka yi amfani da kalmomin Linnaeus (watau, tattalin arziki da polis na yanayi) tare da tasirin kai tsaye akan al'amuran al'amarin ɗan adam, muhalli, da tattalin arziki [7][8][9]  

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayyana ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam a matsayin nau'in bincike da aka yi amfani da shi ga dangantakar da ke cikin 'yan adam wanda aka saba amfani da shi a al'ada ga tsire-tsire da dabbobi a cikin ilimin muhallu.[10] Game da wannan manufar, masu ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam (wanda zai iya haɗawa da masu ilimin zamantakewa) sun haɗa ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga fannoni masu yawa waɗanda ke rufe "mafi girman ra'ayi".[11] ::107 A cikin fitowar farko ta 1972, editocin Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal sun ba da sanarwa game da girman batutuwa a cikin ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam.[12]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Huntington, H. P. (2000). "Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: Methods and applications" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 10 (5): 1270–1274. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1270:UTEKIS]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  2. ↑ Turner, N. J.; Ignace, M. B.; Ignace, R. (2000). "Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British Columbia" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 10 (5): 1275–1287. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1275:tekawo]2.0.co;2.
  3. ↑ Davis, A.; Wagner, J. R. (2003). "Who knows? On the importance of identifying "experts" when researching local ecological knowledge" (PDF). Human Ecology. 31 (3): 463–489. Bibcode:2003HumEc..31..463D. doi:10.1023/A:1025075923297. S2CID 154618965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15.
  4. ↑ Pearce, T. (2010). "A great complication of circumstances" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 43 (3): 493–528. doi:10.1007/s10739-009-9205-0. PMID 20665080. S2CID 34864334. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31.
  5. ↑ Egerton, F. N. (2007). "Understanding food chains and food webs, 1700–1970". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 88: 50–69. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2007)88[50:UFCAFW]2.0.CO;2.
  6. ↑ Reid, G. M. (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): his life, philosophy and science and its relationship to modern biology and medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31. doi:10.1002/tax.581005.
  7. ↑ Foster, J. (2003). "Between economics and ecology: Some historical and philosophical considerations for modelers of natural capital". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 86 (1–2): 63–74. Bibcode:2003EMnAs..86...63F. doi:10.1023/A:1024002617932. PMID 12858999. S2CID 30966297.
  8. ↑ Stauffer, R. C. (1957). "Haeckel, Darwin and ecology". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 32 (2): 138–144. doi:10.1086/401754. S2CID 84079279.
  9. ↑ Kormandy, E. J.; Wooster, Donald (1978). "Review: Ecology/Economy of Nature—Synonyms?". Ecology. 59 (6): 1292–4. doi:10.2307/1938247. JSTOR 1938247.
  10. ↑ Park, R. E. (1936). "Human ecology". American Journal of Sociology. 42 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1086/217327. JSTOR 2768859. S2CID 222450324.
  11. ↑ Borden, R.J (2008). "A brief history of SHE: Reflections on the founding and first twenty five years of the Society for Human Ecology" (PDF). Human Ecology Review. 15 (1): 95–108.
  12. ↑ "Introductory statement". Human Ecology. 1 (1): 1. 1972. Bibcode:1972HumEc...1....1.. doi:10.1007/BF01791277. JSTOR 4602239. S2CID 102336814.
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