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Ilimin muhalli na sinadarai

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Ilimin muhalli na sinadarai
branch of ecology (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara da academic discipline (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na ecology da kimiya

ilimin muhalli na sinadarai wani yanki ne mai zurfi wanda ke amfani da ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta, ilmin muhalli, da ilmin ilmin sunada don bayyana hulɗar da aka lura da abubuwa masu rai da mahallinsu ta hanyar mahaɗan sinadarai (misali juriya na yanayin halittu da bambancin halittu). [1][2] Misalai na farko na filin sun koma ga gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'in shuka iri ɗaya a cikin mahalli daban-daban, hulɗar shuke-shuke da malam buɗe ido, da kuma tasirin halayyar catnip.[3][4][5] Masana ilimin muhalli na sunadarai suna neman gano takamaiman kwayoyin (watau Semi-chemicals) waɗanda ke aiki azaman sigina da ke sulhunta al'umma ko tsarin muhalli da kuma fahimtar juyin halitta na waɗannan siginar.[6] Chemicals a bayan irin waɗannan matsayi yawanci ƙananan ne, kwayoyin halitta masu saurin yaduwa waɗanda ke aiki a kan nesa daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da muhalli (watau ƙasa ko ruwa) amma kuma suna iya haɗawa da manyan kwayoyin da ƙananan peptides.[7][8]

A aikace, ilimin muhalli na sunadarai ya dogara da dabarun chromatographic, kamar su Chromatography mai laushi, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography (MS), da kuma cikakkiyar tsari ta amfani da nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) don warewa da gano bioactive metabolites.[2][6] Don gano kwayoyin tare da aikin da ake nema, masana kimiyyar muhalli galibi suna amfani da rarrabawar da aka jagoranta.[8] A yau, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun haɗa da dabarun kwayoyin halitta da na genomic don fahimtar hanyoyin transduction na Biosynthetic da siginar da ke haifar da hulɗar sinadarai. [2] [8][9]

Shuka, kwayoyin cuta da ilmin sunadarai na kwari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Monarch butterfly caterpillar a kan shuka milkweed.

Shuka, microbe, da ilmin sunadarai na kwari suna mai da hankali kan rawar da sinadarai ke takawa da sigina wajen hulɗa tare da abiotic (misali ikon wasu ƙwayoyin cuta don rage ƙarfe a cikin mahalli da ke kewaye) da yanayin halittu (misali microorganisms, kwari na phytophagous, da pollinators).[10][11] Alamomi suna ba da damar kwayoyin su saka idanu kan hulɗa tare da muhalli da kuma daidaitawa daidai ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin yalwar sinadarai a matsayin amsa.[12] Canje-canje a cikin yalwar fili yana ba da damar aiwatar da matakan tsaro, misali jan hankali ga masu cin nama.[12]

Ilimin muhalli na shuka-tsire yana da mahimmanci na ilimin muhalli.[2][13] Musamman, tsire-tsire da kwari galibi suna da hannu a cikin tseren makamai na juyin halitta.[14] Yayin da tsire-tsire ke haɓaka kariya ta sinadarai zuwa ganye, kwari waɗanda ke ciyar da su sun haɗu don haɓaka rigakafi ga waɗannan guba, kuma a wasu lokuta, sake amfani da waɗannan guba don kare kansu daga masu cin nama.[14] Misali, caterpillars na malamin sarki suna kwace guba na cardenolide daga tsire-tsire masu shayarwa kuma suna iya amfani da su azaman kariya daga masu cin nama saboda guba.[14] Sequestering wata dabara ce ta co-juyin halitta, ciyar da gwaje-gwaje a kan caterpillars na malamin sarki ya nuna caterpillers waɗanda ba su ciyar da milkweed ba sa haifar da irin wannan guba kamar waɗanda aka samu don ciyar da milkveed.[14] Ganin cewa yawancin kwari suna kashewa ta hanyar cardenolides, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi na Na + / K +-ATPase, sarakuna sun samo asali ne daga juriya ga guba a cikin dogon tarihin juyin halitta tare da milkweeds. Sauran misalai na ƙwaƙwalwar sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta na taba mai suna Manduca sexta, wanda ke amfani da nicotine da aka ƙwaƙwalwan daga tsire-tsire na taba a cikin tsire-shuke; da ƙwaro mai suna bella, wanda ke ɓoye ƙwaƙwalwa mai ƙunshe da quinone don hana masu cin abinci a kan tsire-tashen Crotalaria a matsayin caterpillar.[15]

Sadarwar shuka da shuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

s[16]ts.Shuke-shuke suna sadarwa tare da juna ta hanyar alamun sinadarai na iska da na ƙasa. Misali, lokacin da mai cin ganyayyaki ya lalata, shuke-shuke da yawa suna fitar da wani nau'i mai canzawa na kwayoyin halitta (VOCs). Ana fitar da sinadarin C6 da barasa daban-daban (wani lokacin ana kiransu green leaf volatiles) daga ganye da suka lalace, tunda samfurori ne na lalacewar membranes na sel na shuka. Wadannan mahadi (masu sananne ga mutane da yawa kamar ƙanshin sabon ciyawa) za a iya gane su ta tsire-tsire makwabta inda zasu iya haifar da shigar da tsaron tsire-shuke.[17] Ana muhawara game da yadda wannan sadarwa ke nuna tarihin zabin aiki saboda amfanin juna ba tare da "sauka" a kan alamun da shuke-shuke makwabta suka fitar ba da gangan ba

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Bunin, Barry A. (December 1996). "Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction.Thomas Eisner, Jerrold Meinwald". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 71 (4): 562. doi:10.1086/419565. ISSN 0033-5770.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Dyer, Lee A.; Philbin, Casey S.; Ochsenrider, Kaitlin M.; Richards, Lora A.; Massad, Tara J.; Smilanich, Angela M.; Forister, Matthew L.; Parchman, Thomas L.; Galland, Lanie M. (2018-05-25). "Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology". Nature Reviews Chemistry. 2 (6): 50–64. doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7. ISSN 2397-3358. S2CID 49362070. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dyer et al" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Hartmann, Thomas (2008-03-25). "The lost origin of chemical ecology in the late 19th century". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 105 (12): 4541–4546. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709231105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2290813. PMID 18218780.
  4. ↑ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (December 1964). "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution". Evolution. 18 (4): 586–608. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01674.x. ISSN 0014-3820.
  5. ↑ Eisner, Thomas (1964-12-04). "Catnip: Its Raison d'Être". Science (in Turanci). 146 (3649): 1318–1320. Bibcode:1964Sci...146.1318E. doi:10.1126/science.146.3649.1318. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14207462.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Inamdar, Arati A.; Morath, Shannon; Bennett, Joan W. (2020-09-08). "Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds: More Than Just a Funky Smell?". Annual Review of Microbiology (in Turanci). 74 (1): 101–116. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-012420-080428. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 32905756. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Wood William F. (1983). "Chemical Ecology: Chemical Communication in Nature". Journal of Chemical Education. 60 (7): 531–539. Bibcode:1983JChEd..60..531W. doi:10.1021/ed060p531.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Schmidt, Ruth; Ulanova, Dana; Wick, Lukas Y; Bode, Helge B; Garbeva, Paolina (2019-07-09). "Microbe-driven chemical ecology: past, present and future". The ISME Journal. 13 (11): 2656–2663. Bibcode:2019ISMEJ..13.2656S. doi:10.1038/s41396-019-0469-x. ISSN 1751-7362. PMC 6794290. PMID 31289346. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Meinwald, J.; Eisner, T. (19 March 2008). "Chemical ecology in retrospect and prospect". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (12): 4539–4540. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800649105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2290750. PMID 18353981.
  10. ↑ Johnston, Chad W; Wyatt, Morgan A; Li, Xiang; Ibrahim, Ashraf; Shuster, Jeremiah; Southam, Gordon; Magarvey, Nathan A (April 2013). "Gold biomineralization by a metallophore from a gold-associated microbe". Nature Chemical Biology (in Turanci). 9 (4): 241–243. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1179. ISSN 1552-4450.
  11. ↑ Fraenkel, Gottfried S. (1959-05-29). "The Raison d'Être of Secondary Plant Substances: These odd chemicals arose as a means of protecting plants from insects and now guide insects to food". Science (in Turanci). 129 (3361): 1466–1470. doi:10.1126/science.129.3361.1466. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 13658975.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Scott, Eric R.; Li, Xin; Wei, Ji-Peng; Kfoury, Nicole; Morimoto, Joshua; Guo, Ming-Ming; Agyei, Amma; Robbat, Albert; Ahmed, Selena; Cash, Sean B.; Griffin, Timothy S.; Stepp, John R.; Han, Wen-Yan; Orians, Colin M. (2020-05-29). "Changes in Tea Plant Secondary Metabolite Profiles as a Function of Leafhopper Density and Damage". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 636. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00636. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 7272924. PMID 32547579.
  13. ↑ Dyer, Lee A.; Philbin, Casey S.; Ochsenrider, Kaitlin M.; Richards, Lora A.; Massad, Tara J.; Smilanich, Angela M.; Forister, Matthew L.; Parchman, Thomas L.; Galland, Lanie M. (2018-05-25). "Modern approaches to study plant–insect interactions in chemical ecology". Nature Reviews Chemistry (in Turanci). 2 (6): 50–64. doi:10.1038/s41570-018-0009-7. ISSN 2397-3358. S2CID 49362070.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Brower, L P; van Brower, J; Corvino, J M (April 1967). "Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 57 (4): 893–898. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57..893B. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 224631. PMID 5231352.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mithfer
  16. ↑ Arimura, Gen-ichiro; Matsui, Kenji; Takabayashi, Junji (2009-05-01). "Chemical and Molecular Ecology of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Proximate Factors and Their Ultimate Functions". Plant and Cell Physiology. 50 (5): 911–923. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp030. ISSN 0032-0781. PMID 19246460. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  17. ↑ Arimura, Gen-ichiro; Matsui, Kenji; Takabayashi, Junji (2009-05-01). "Chemical and Molecular Ecology of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles: Proximate Factors and Their Ultimate Functions". Plant and Cell Physiology. 50 (5): 911–923. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp030. ISSN 0032-0781. PMID 19246460. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
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