Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci

  

Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci shine tsarin tauhidi wanda ke jaddada 'yancin waɗanda aka zalunta. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga masana tauhidin Katolika na Latin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, kuma ana amfani da ita sosai don bayyana irin wannan hanyoyin a wasu sassan duniya. Sau da yawa yana shiga cikin nazarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma yana jaddada damuwar zamantakewa ga waɗanda aka ware saboda rukunin zamantakewarsu, launin fata, kabilanci, jinsi, da sauransu.

Tarihi

The option for the poor is simply the idea that, as reflected in canon law, "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor." It indicates an obligation, on the part of those who would call themselves Christian, first and foremost to care for the poor and vulnerable.

An fara tattauna tauhidin 'yanci a cikin yanayin Latin Amurka, musamman a cikin Katolika a cikin shekarun 1960 bayan Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu. A can, ya zama aikin siyasa na masu ilimin tauhidi kamar Frei Betto, Gustavo Gutiérrez, Leonardo Boff, da Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo da Jon Sobrino, waɗanda suka shahara da kalmar nan "zaɓin da ya fi dacewa ga matalauta".

Tushensa za a iya gano shi zuwa ga magabatan kamar Ayyukan Katolika da tasirin Majalisar Vatican ta biyu, wanda ya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin magance talauci da rashin daidaito a Latin Amurka.[1][2] Yayin da tsarinta na tiyoloji ya ta'allaka ne kan fassarar Bishara ta hanyar madubin da aka zalunta, tiyolojin 'yanci kuma ya samo asali ne daga faffadan ƙungiyoyin gurguzanci da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka.

Latin Amurka kuma ta samar da masu ba da shawara na Furotesta na tauhidin 'yanci, kamar su Rubem Alves, José Míguez Bonino, da C. René Padilla, wanda a cikin shekarun 1970s ya yi kira ga cikakken aikin, yana jaddada Bishara da alhakin zamantakewa.

Tushen ka'idojin motsi ya samo asali ne daga nazarin zamantakewar Marxist, musamman sukar rashin daidaito na tsari da zalunci na aji. Duk da yake ilimin tauhidin 'yanci bai karɓi Marxism ba, amfani da ra'ayoyin kamar gwagwarmayar aji da kuma sukar jari-hujja ta duniya ya haifar da babbar gardama a cikin Ikilisiya. Paparoma John Paul II da Ikilisiyar Vatican don Koyarwar Bangaskiya, karkashin jagorancin Kadanal Joseph Ratzinger (daga baya Paparoma Benedict XVI), sun soki motsi saboda abin da suka ɗauka a matsayin wuce gona da iri da kuma jituwa da akidar kwaminisanci.

Duk da wannan adawa, tauhidin 'yanci ya rinjayi ƙungiyoyin siyasa da zamantakewa a duk faɗin Latin Amurka. Ya kasance mai motsawa a cikin hauhawar al'ummomin coci (comunidades eclesiales de base), wanda ya tattara jama'a da aka ware don ba da shawara ga sake fasalin ƙasa, haƙƙin aiki, da mulkin dimokuradiyya. Wadannan al'ummomin galibi suna aiki ne a matsayin sarari don wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa, haɗuwa da ayyukan addini tare da kira ga canjin tsarin. Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a ƙasashe kamar El Salvador, inda mutane kamar Archbishop Óscar Romero suka zama alamun juriya ga gwamnatocin soja da cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.

Har ila yau, tauhidin 'yanci ya bunƙasa a wasu sassan duniya kamar tauhidin baƙar fata a Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu, tauhidin' yancin Palasdinawa, tauhidin Dalit a Indiya, tauhidin Minjung a Koriya ta Kudu, da kuma tauhidin'yanci a Ireland.

A Afirka ta Kudu, ka'idodin motsi sun yi daidai da adawar Kirista ga wariyar launin fata, suna ba da tsarin tauhidi don tsayayya da zalunci na launin fata. Rubuce-rubucen masu ilimin tauhidi kamar Allan Boesak da Desmond Tutu sun nuna yadda ilimin tauhidin 'yanci ya tsara gwagwarmayar adawa da wariyar launin fata, yana jaddada jigogi na sulhu, adalci, da kuma halin kirki na warware wariyar launin fatar. Hakazalika, ra'ayoyin 'yanci sun rinjayi tunanin Islama, musamman ta hanyar mutane kamar Ali Shari'ati a Iran, wanda ya daidaita waɗannan ka'idojin don sukar mulkin mallaka na Yamma da inganta adalci na tattalin arziki a cikin tsarin Shi'a.

Duk da yake shahararsa ta ragu tun lokacin da ta kai tsawo a cikin 1970s da 1980s, tauhidin 'yanci ya ci gaba da tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin tauhidi da zamantakewa na zamani. A cikin mahallin duniya, sukar da ta yi game da manufofin neoliberal da kuma jaddada hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin da aka zalunta sun kasance masu dacewa. Paparoma Francis, Paparoma na farko na Latin Amurka, ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin 'yanci, musamman a cikin shawararsa don adalci na tattalin arziki da kula da muhalli, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin litattafansa na Laudato Si. Wannan ci gaban yana nuna sabuntawa tare da ka'idodin motsi a cikin Ikilisiyar ma'aikata.

Kyautar tauhidin 'yanci ta haɗa da tasirinsa a kan maganganun ilimi, inda ya inganta hanyoyin da suka shafi tauhidin, ilimin zamantakewa, da kimiyyar siyasa. Masana sun yi nazarin rawar da take takawa wajen kawar da ilimin mallaka da kuma kirkirar labaran da ba su da iko, musamman a cikin Kudancin Duniya. Wannan tallafin ilimi ya nuna muhimmancin motsi na dindindin wajen magance rashin daidaito na tsarin da kuma ba da shawara don canjin zamantakewa.

Duk da gudummawar da ta bayar, tauhidin 'yanci ya fuskanci zargi mai mahimmanci. Wasu a cikin Cocin Katolika sun yi tambaya game da daidaituwa da akidar Marxist, musamman amfani da nazarin aji da kuma fahimtar siyasa na tauhidin. Sauran sun yi jayayya cewa gwagwarmayar siyasa ta rushe iyakokin tsakanin addini da siyasa, ta haifar da damuwa game da rawar da cocin ke takawa a cikin juyin juya hali. Duk da haka, ya bar gado na dindindin, yana karfafa ƙungiyoyin zamani waɗanda ke kalubalantar rashin adalci na tsarin. Tasirinta ya kai ga ci gaba da sukar jari-hujja ta duniya, kokarin hadin kai a duk faɗin Kudancin Duniya, da sake tunanin tauhidi wanda ke ba da fifiko ga muryoyin waɗanda aka zalunta. A matsayin motsi wanda ke haɗa bangaskiya da gwagwarmaya, tauhidin 'yanci ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin kira mai ƙarfi ga waɗanda ke neman sulhunta ruhaniya tare da gwagwan neman duniya mai adalci. A yau, gadon tauhidin 'yanci ya jimre a cikin sukar zamani na jari-hujja ta duniya kuma a matsayin tushen wahayi don gwagwarmayar da ke gudana don adalci.

Latin Amurka

  Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci ya bunkasa a cikin Cocin Katolika a Latin Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, a matsayin martani ga talauci da Rashin adalci na zamantakewa a yankin, wanda CEPAL ya ɗauka mafi rashin daidaito a duniya. Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin 1971 daga firist na Peruvian Gustavo Gutiérrez, wanda ya rubuta ɗayan littattafan da suka bayyana motsi, A Theology of Liberation . Sauran masu gabatar da kara sun hada da Leonardo Boff na Brazil, da Jesuits Jon Sobrino na El Salvador da Juan Luis Segundo na Uruguay.

Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci na Latin Amurka ya rinjayi wasu sassan ƙungiyar bishara da bishops na Katolika a Amurka. Dogaro da shi ga "Marxism" ya haifar a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa gargadi daga Ikilisiyar Vatican don Koyarwar Bangaskiya (CDF). Yayinda yake bayyana cewa "a cikin kansa, kalmar ' tauhidin 'yanci' kalma ce mai inganci sosai", prefect Cardinal Ratzinger ya ki amincewa da wasu nau'ikan tauhidin 'yantar Latin Amurka don mayar da hankali kan zunubi ko na tsarin da kuma gano matsayin cocin Katolika a Kudancin Amurka a matsayin mambobi na wannan aji mai daraja wanda ya daɗe yana zaluntar' yan asalin ƙasar tun daga zuwan Pizarro zuwa gaba.

Baƙar fata

Samfuri:Liberation theologyFiye ko žasa a lokaci guda kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen farko na tauhidin 'yanci na Latin Amurka ana kuma samun muryoyin tauhidin' yanci na Black da tauhidin' Yanci na mata. Ilimin tauhidin baƙar fata yana nufin hangen nesa na tauhidi wanda ya samo asali ne a wasu majami'u masu baƙar fata a Amurka kuma daga baya a wasu sassan duniya, wanda ke nuna Kiristanci a ƙoƙarin taimakawa waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka su shawo kan zalunci. Musamman yana mai da hankali kan rashin adalci da aka yi wa 'Yan Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu da baƙar fata a lokacin wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fatar Amurka, bi da bi.

Ilimin tauhidin baƙar fata yana neman 'yantar da mutane masu launi daga nau'o'i daban-daban na siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da kuma addini kuma yana kallon tauhidin Kirista a matsayin tauhidin 'yanci - "bincike mai ma'ana game da kasancewar Allah a duniya a cikin hasken halin da ake ciki na al'umma mai zalunci, wanda ke danganta dakarun' yanci ga ainihin Linjila, wanda shine Yesu Kristi, "in da James Hal Cone, ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara na asali na hangen nesa. Ilimin tauhidin baƙar fata ya haɗu da Kiristanci tare da tambayoyin haƙƙin jama'a, musamman kamar yadda ƙungiyar Black Power da Black Consciousness Movement suka tayar.

Dalit

Samfuri:Christianity and politicsIlimin tauhidin Dalit reshe ne na tauhidin Kirista wanda ya fito ne daga cikin kabilun Dalit a cikin Yankin Indiya a cikin shekarun 1980. Yana da jigogi da yawa tare da tauhidin 'yanci na Latin Amurka, wanda ya tashi shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, gami da sanin kansa a matsayin mutanen da ke fuskantar Fitowa. Ilimin tauhidin Dalit ya ga bege a cikin "Nazareth Manifesto" na Luka 4, inda Yesu ya yi magana game da yin wa'azi "labari mai kyau ga matalauta ... 'yanci ga fursunoni da dawo da gani ga makafi" da kuma sakin "masu zalunci".

Palasdinawa

Ilimin tauhidin 'yanci na Palasdinawa shine furcin tauhidin siyasa da tauhidin mahallin da ke wakiltar yunkurin da wasu masu ilimin tauhidin Kirista na Palasdinu masu aiki da kansu suka yi daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban - galibi majami'u na Furotesta - don bayyana saƙon bishara ta hanyar da za su sa wannan bishara ta dace da bukatun da aka fahimta na garken su na asali. A matsayinka na doka, wannan magana ta ƙunshi tushen tauhidi na juriya ta Palasdinawa ga Isra'ila da kuma burin ƙasar Palasdinawa, da kuma ingantaccen ƙabilar Palasdinawa da al'adun al'adu a matsayin masu ba da tabbacin fahimtar bishara ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa su mazaunan ƙasar Yesu ne da Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Babban adadi a cikin tauhidin 'yanci na Palasdinawa shine malamin Anglican Naim Ateek, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin' Yanci ta Sabeel a Urushalima.

Arewacin Irish

A Ireland, an haɗa tauhidin 'yanci tare da ra'ayoyi da ayyukan firist na Roman Katolika na Belfast Des Wilson . Bayan farawar Matsalar Arewacin Ireland, Wilson ya kare haƙƙin al'ummomin da jihar, majami'u da sauran cibiyoyin suka gaza don ƙirƙirar "maimakon ilimi, madadin jin daɗi, madadin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, watsa shirye-shirye, tattaunawar tauhidi da siyasa, tambayoyin jama'a da sauransu". Fiye da rikice-rikice, yana ambaton misalin babban bishop na Brazil Hélder Câmara, ya yi jayayya cewa wannan haƙƙin ya kai ga "yan sanda da madadin sojoji".

A lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja a Brazil, Câmara, wanda ya yi kira ga malamai da su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adalci ba tare da tsoron ganewa da hagu na juyin juya hali ba ("Lokacin da na ba da abinci ga matalauta, suna kirana ni saint. Lokacin da na tambayi dalilin da ya sa suke matalauta ba, suna kiransa Kwaminisanci"), ya ki ya yi Allah wadai da adawa da makamai. A cikin wata sanannen hira da 'yar jaridar Italiya Oriana Fallaci, ya bayyana cewa yayin da ba zaɓin ba ne ("ba hanyar da nake amfani da Linjila ba"), ba zai taɓa cewa "amfani da makamai a kan mai zalunci ba shi da kyau ko kuma ya ƙi Kiristanci ba".

Wilson ya yi jayayya cewa coci, ba mai zaman lafiya ba (a matsayin yaro a makaranta ya tuna ana koyar da shi don girmama Janar Franco a matsayin soja na Kristi), yana buƙatar haɓaka sabon " tauhidin zaman lafiya". Da yake amincewa da matsalar wadanda ke da "aikin kare wasu - iyalansu gidajensu", wannan zai buƙaci yin fiye da biyan bukatun "gwamnati mai zalunci ko mutanen da ke neman girmamawa ba tare da neman girmamawa" ba.

Yunkurin zaman lafiya

An haɗa ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta Kirista da tauhidin 'yanci a hanyoyi da yawa. Masu ilimin tauhidi masu shiga sun kasance a duk nahiyoyi da ƙasashe, gami da ƙasashe masu ƙarancin Krista. Babban jigon ya kasance zaman lafiya a matsayin hanyar fansa da 'yanci.

Dubi kuma

• Jean-Bertrand Aristide
• Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Katolika
• Kwaminisanci na Kirista
• Kwaminisanci na Katolika
• Camilo Torres Restrepo
• 'Yancin Kirista
• Ranar Dorothy
• Samun 'yanci
• 'Yanci' yanci
• tauhidin 'yanci a Kanada
• Ilimin halayyar 'yanci
• Peter Maurin
• Motsi na Firistoci na Duniya ta Uku a Argentina
• Emile Pin
• tauhidin sulhu
• Zagayen Tucum
• Anarchism na addini (Buddha, Kirista, Musulunci, Yahudawa)
• Tsarin gurguzu na addini (Buddha, Kirista, Musulunci, Yahudawa)
• Ra'ayoyin addini game da jari-hujja
• Transmodernism

Haɗin waje

• Bidiyo na tauhidin 'yanci daga Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives.
• Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi na 'Yanci, Kwalejin tauhidi, Jami'ar Katholieke Leuven, Belgium
• An ɗaga dakatarwar papal akan Miguel d'Escoto
• Muhimman Ra'ayoyin tauhidin juyin juya hali

A kan Dangantakar Paparoma John Paul II da tauhidin 'Yanci

• BBC Religion and Ethics theological obituary of Paparoma John Paul II: ra'ayinsa game da tauhidin 'yanci
• Matsalar Katolika ta Latin Amurka tare da Paparoma John Paul II. Seattle Times. Henry Chu da Chris Kraul.