Indira Gandhi
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Indira Priyadarśinī Gāndhī[lower-alpha 1] (née Nehru; 19 Nuwamba 1917 - 31 Oktoba 1984) [1] 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Indiya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Indiya daga 1966 zuwa 1977 kuma daga 1980 har zuwa kisan ta a 1984 na wa'adi hudu. Ita ce Firayim Minista ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce mace a Indiya, kuma muhimmiyar mace a siyasar Indiya a matsayin shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya (INC). Ita ce 'yar Jawaharlal Nehru, Firayim Minista na farko na Indiya. Ita ce mahaifiyar Rajiv Gandhi, wanda ya gaji ta a matsayin Firayim Minista. Matsayinta na shekaru 15 da kwanaki 350 ya sa ta zama Firayim Minista na biyu mafi tsawo na Indiya bayan mahaifinta.
A lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta Jawaharlal Nehru daga 1947 zuwa 1964, Gandhi ta kasance mai masaukin baki kuma ta bi shi a tafiye-tafiyen kasashen waje da yawa. A shekara ta 1959, ta taka rawar gani wajen rushe Gwamnatin jihar Kerala da ke karkashin jagorancin Kwaminisanci a matsayin shugaban Majalisar dokokin Indiya a lokacin, in ba haka ba matsayin bikin da aka zabe ta a farkon wannan shekarar. Lal Bahadur Shastri, wacce ta gaji Nehru a matsayin Firayim Minista bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1964, ta nada ta Ministan bayanai da watsa shirye-shirye a cikin gwamnatinsa; a wannan shekarar an zabe ta zuwa Rajya Sabha, babban gidan majalisar dokokin Indiya. Bayan mutuwar Shastri a watan Janairun 1966, Gandhi ta kayar da abokin hamayyarta, Morarji Desai, a zaben shugabancin INC don zama jagora kuma ta gaji Shastri a matsayin Firayim Minista. Ita ce Firayim Minista ta biyu a duniya bayan Sirimavo Bandaranaike lokacin da ta zama Firayim Ministan Indiya. Ta jagoranci Majalisa zuwa nasara a zabuka biyu da suka biyo baya, wanda ya fara da Babban zaben 1967, inda aka fara zabar ta a majalisar dokokin Indiya, Lok Sabha . A shekara ta 1971, jam'iyyarta ta sami nasarar farko tun lokacin da mahaifinta ya mamaye ta a shekarar 1962, yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan kamar talauci. Amma bayan dokar ta baci ta kasa da ta aiwatar, ta fuskanci mummunan ra'ayi wanda ya sa INC ta rasa Zaben 1977, wanda shine karo na farko da wannan ya faru a tarihin Indiya. Har ma ta rasa mazabarta ta majalisa. Koyaya, saboda nunawa a matsayin jagora mai ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi na Jam'iyyar Janata, jam'iyyarta ta lashe zabe na gaba ta hanyar raguwa kuma ta koma firaministan.
A matsayinta na Firayim Minista, an san Gandhi da matsayinta na siyasa da kuma karfafa iko a cikin reshen zartarwa. A shekara ta 1967, ta jagoranci rikici na soja da kasar Sin inda Indiya ta kori hare-haren kasar Sin zuwa Himalayas.[2] A shekara ta 1971, ta tafi yaƙi da Pakistan don tallafawa yunkurin 'yancin kai da yakin neman' yancin kai a Gabashin Pakistan, wanda ya haifar da nasarar Indiya da' yancin Bangladesh, da kuma kara tasirin Indiya har zuwa inda ta zama ikon yanki kawai a Kudancin Asiya. Wani aikin soja a kan Pakistan, mai suna Operation Meghdoot, ya faru ne a lokacin da ta kasance a shekarar 1984, wanda ya haifar da Indiya ta fadada yankin da take sarrafawa yadda ya kamata a yankin Kashmir mai rikitarwa.
Gandhi ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fara Gwajin makaman nukiliya na farko da ya samu nasara a Indiya a shekara ta 1974. Sarautarta ta ga Indiya ta kusanci Tarayyar Soviet ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar abokantaka a 1971 don hana barazanar da ake gani ta geopolitics sakamakon dumama Amurka zuwa China. Indiya ta sami goyon bayan soja, kudi, da diflomasiyya daga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin rikici da Pakistan a wannan shekarar.[3] Kodayake Indiya ta kasance a kan gaba a cikin Non-Aligned Movement, Gandhi ya sanya shi daya daga cikin abokan hulɗa mafi kusa na Tarayyar Soviet a Asiya, kowannensu sau da yawa yana tallafawa ɗayan a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Da yake amsawa ga ra'ayoyin rabuwa da kuma kiran juyin juya hali, ta kafa dokar ta baci daga 1975 zuwa 1977, a lokacin da ta yi mulki ta hanyar doka kuma an dakatar da 'yanci na asali. Fiye da abokan adawar siyasa 100,000, 'yan jarida da masu adawa an daure su.[4] Ta fuskanci karuwar yunkurin rabuwa na Sikh a duk lokacin da ta kasance firaministan kasa na huɗu; a matsayin martani, ta ba da umarnin Operation Blue Star, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja a cikin Haikali na Zinariya kuma ya kashe daruruwan Sikhs. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1984, masu tsaronta biyu ne suka kashe ta, dukansu biyu 'yan Sikh ne da ke neman fansa ga abubuwan da suka faru a haikalin.
An ƙone gawar Gandhi a shafin da yanzu ake kira Shakti Sthal (transl. 'Wurin ƙarfi'). Shafin yana da alama da babban dutse na ƙarfe wanda ke tunawa da ita a matsayin "Iron Lady of India". Ana tunawa da Gandhi a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu iko a duniya. Magoya bayanta sun ambaci jagorancinta a Lokaci nasarorin da suka samu a kan abokan hamayyar kasar Sin da Pakistan, Green Revolution, ingantaccen tattalin arziki a farkon shekarun 1980, da kuma yakin neman zabe wanda ya sa aka san ta da Uwar Indira tsakanin matalauta da mazauna karkara. Masu sukar sun lura da bautar mutuntaka da mulkin kama karya na Indiya a lokacin gaggawa. A shekara ta 1999, an ba ta suna "Woman of the Millennium" a cikin wani zabe na kan layi wanda BBC ta shirya. A cikin 2020, mujallar Time ta sanya mata suna a cikin mata 100 da suka bayyana karni da ya gabata a matsayin takwarorinsu ga zaɓin da mujallar ta yi a baya don Mutum na Shekara.
Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Indira Gandhi a Indiya da ke Mulkin Burtaniya a matsayin Indira Nehru, a cikin dangin Kashmiri Pandit a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1917 a Allahabad (Prayagraj na yau) a Uttar Pradesh . [1][1] Mahaifinta, Jawaharlal Nehru, ya kasance jagora a cikin ƙungiyar Indiya don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin Burtaniya, kuma ya zama Firayim Minista na farko na Dominion (kuma daga baya Jamhuriyar) na Indiya.[1] Indira ita ce kawai yarinyar iyayenta da ta tsira (tana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami); ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta, Kamala Nehru, a Swaraj Bhavan">Anand Bhavan, babban gidan iyali a Allahabad. [1][1] A cikin 1930, dangin Nehru sun ba da gudummawar gidan ga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya kuma sun sake masa suna Swaraj Bhavan (ma'anar mazaunin 'yanci). An gina sabon gida a kusa don zama gidan iyali kuma an ba shi sunan tsohon Anand Bhavan.[1] Indira tana da kaɗaici da rashin farin ciki tun tana yarinya.[1] Mahaifinta sau da yawa ba ya nan, yana jagorantar ayyukan siyasa ko kuma a ɗaure shi, yayin da mahaifiyarta ke yawan kwance da rashin lafiya kuma daga baya ta sha wahala daga mutuwar tarin fuka.[1] Indira tana da iyakantaccen hulɗa da mahaifinta, galibi ta hanyar wasiƙu.[1]
Firayim Minista (1966-1977)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru goma sha ɗaya na farko da Gandhi ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista ya gan ta ta ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin shugabannin jam'iyyar Congress a matsayin yarinyarsu, zuwa shugaba mai ƙarfi tare da ƙudurin ƙarfe don raba jam'iyyar akan matsayinta na manufofi, ko zuwa yaƙi da Pakistan don taimakawa Bangladesh a yakin 'yanci na 1971. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1977, ta kasance mai rinjaye a siyasar Indiya cewa shugaban jam'iyyar Congress D. K. Barooah ya kirkiro kalmar "India ita ce Indira kuma Indira ita ce Indiya".
Shekara ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gandhi ta kafa gwamnatinta a matsayin memba na Rajya Sabha daga Uttar Pradesh . Ita ce Firayim Minista ta farko ta Indiya daga Rajya Sabha . A farkon wa'adinta na farko a matsayin Firayim Minista, kafofin watsa labarai da 'yan adawa sun soki ta sosai a matsayin "Goongi goodiya" (Hindi don "dumb doll") na shugabannin jam'iyyar Congress wadanda suka shirya zaben ta sannan suka yi kokarin hana ta. Indira ta kasance magajin mahaifinta mai suna, kodayake ta bi shi a ziyarar kasashen waje da yawa kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen saukar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya a Kerala. A cewar wasu kafofin shine shugaban gurguzu Ram Manohar Lohia wanda ya fara yi wa mutuntakarta ba'a a matsayin "Goongi Goodiya" wanda daga baya wasu 'yan siyasa na Congress suka sake maimaitawa wadanda suka yi tsantsan game da tasowa a cikin jam'iyyar.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na farko shi ne murkushe masu tayar da kayar baya na Mizo National Front a Mizoram a shekarar 1966.
Manufofin Indiya na goyon bayan Larabawa sun sami nasara. Kafa dangantaka ta kusa da mulkin gurguzu da na Baathist har zuwa wani mataki ya kawar da farfagandar Pakistan a kan Indiya. Koyaya, Yaƙin Indo-Pakistan na 1971 ya gabatar da matsala ga jihohin Larabawa da Musulmai na Gabas ta Tsakiya yayin da jihohi biyu suka yi yaƙi da yaƙin da suke abokantaka da Larabawa. Gwamnatocin Larabawa masu ci gaba a Misira, Siriya, da Aljeriya sun zaɓi kasancewa tsaka tsaki, yayin da masarautun Larabawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa suka goyi bayan Pakistan. Matsayin Masar ya sadu da damuwa daga Indiyawa, waɗanda suka zo su sa ran hadin kai tare da gwamnatocin Baathist.[5] Amma, mutuwar Nasser a cikin 1970 da kuma karuwar abokantaka da Sadat da Riyadh, da kuma karuwa bambance-bambance da Moscow, ya tilasta Masar zuwa manufofin tsaka-tsaki.[5] An ki amincewa da yunkurin Gandhi ga Muammar Gaddafi.[6] Libya ta amince da masarautun Larabawa da gaskata cewa sa hannun Gandhi a Gabashin Pakistan hari ne akan Islama.[6]
- ↑ hi
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- ↑ "Smt. Indira Gandhi". pmindia.gov.in. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
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- ↑ "Smt. Indira Gandhi". pmindia.gov.in. Retrieved 25 January 2025.
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