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Ingancin iska na cikin gida

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Ingancin iska na cikin gida
measure (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naindoor environment quality (en) Fassara
Bangare naRashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska da indoor environment (en) Fassara
Fuskarair quality (en) Fassara
Ana tsabtace matattarar iska

ingancin iska na cikin ƙira (IAQ) shine ingancin iska a cikin gidaje da gine-gine. Rashin ingantacciyar iska na cikin gida saboda gurɓataccen iska na cikin an tabbatar da yana shafar kiwon lafiya, nishaɗi, da jin daɗin mazaunan gini. Har ila yau, an alaƙantashi shi da cutarwa ga gine-gine na rashin , matsalolin numfashi, raguwar yawan aiki, da kuma rashin ilmantarwa a makarantu. Abubuwan dake gurɓata iska na cikin gida sun haɗa da: hayaki na taba, gurɓataccen iska daga konewar cikin gida, radon, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da allergen, carbon monoxide, Garkuwar jiki, legionella da sauran ƙwayoyin halitta, fiber na asbestos, carbon dioxide, [1] ozone da ƙwayoyin.

Gudanar da sassan jiki, tacewa, da amfani da iska don narkar da gurbataccen abu sune manyan hanyoyin inganta ingancin iska na cikin gida. Kodayake iska wani bangare ne na kiyaye ingancin iska mai kyau na cikin gida, bazai gamsar da shi kadai ba. A cikin yanayin da gurɓataccen waje zai lalata ingancin iska na cikin gida, wasu na'urorin magani kamar tacewa na iya zama dole.[2]

Ana kimanta IAQ ta hanyar tattara samfurori na iska, saka idanu kan bayyanar mutum ga gurbataccen abu, nazarin gine-ginen gine-gine, da ƙirar kwamfuta na iska a cikin gine-gine. IAQ wani bangare ne na ingancin muhalli na cikin gida (IEQ), tare da wasu abubuwan da ke tasiri a fannonin jiki da na tunani na rayuwa a cikin gida (misali, hasken wuta, ingancin gani, acoustics, da ta'aziyya).

Rashin gurɓata iska na cikin gida babban haɗari ne na kiwon lafiya a Kasashe masu tasowa kuma ana kiransa " gurɓataccen iska na gida" a cikin wannan mahallin.[3] Yawanci yana da alaƙa da hanyoyin dafa abinci da ɗumamawa ta hanyar ƙona man fetur, a cikin nau'in itace, gawayi, da sauran amfanin gona, a cikin muhalli na cikin gida waɗanda ba su da isasshen iska. Miliyoyin mutane, musamman mata da yara, suna fuskantar mummunar haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Gaba ɗaya, kusan mutane biliyan uku a ƙasashe masu tasowa suna fama da wannan matsala. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida da ke da alaƙa da dafa abinci yana haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 3.8 a kowace shekara.[4] Nazarin Global Burden of Disease ya kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu a shekarar 2017 a miliyan 1.6. [5]

Ma'anar

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Don dalilai na kiwon lafiya yana da mahimmanci a numfasawa iska mai tsabta, ba tare da sunadarai masu guba ba kamar yadda zai yiwu. An kiyasta cewa mutane suna ciyar da kusan kashi 90% na rayuwarsu a cikin gida [6] kuma gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida a wasu wurare na iya zama mafi muni fiye da na iska mai muhalli.

Daban-daban dalilai suna ba da gudummawa ga yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska a cikin gida, kama daga kwararar gurɓatattun abubuwa daga tushen waje, kashe iskar gas ta kayan daki, kayan daki ciki har da kafet, ayyukan cikin gida (dafa abinci, tsaftacewa, zanen, shan taba, da sauransu a cikin gidaje don amfani da kayan ofis a ofisoshi), sigogin ta'aziyya na thermal kamar zafin jiki, zafi, iska mai iska da kaddarorin sinadarai na physio-door. Gurbacewar iska na iya shiga ginin ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da buɗe kofofin ko tagogi.Na'urorin sanyaya iska mara kyau/tsarin samun iska na iya ɗaukar ƙura, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa, waɗanda daga nan ake yaɗa su a ko'ina cikin gida, suna ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin numfashi da rashin lafiya.

Akwai muhawara da yawa tsakanin masana ingancin iska na cikin gida game da ma'anar ingancin iska ta cikin gida da kuma musamman abin da ya zama ingancin iska "mai karɓa" na cikin gida.

Tasirin lafiya

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Kashi na mutuwar daga gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida. Launuka masu duhu suna nufin lambobi mafi girma.

IAQ yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar ɗan adam yayin da mutane ke ciyar da yawancin lokacinsu a cikin gida. Amirkawa da Turawa a matsakaita suna ciyar da kusan 90% na lokacin su a cikin gida.[7][8]

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 3.2 suna mutuwa ba tare da lokacinsu yayi ba a kowace shekara sakamakon cututtukan da ke tattare da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida wanda ya haifar da dafa abinci a cikin gida, na sama da dubu 237 daga cikinsu yara ne ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 5. Wadannan sun hada da kusan kashi takwas na dukkan cututtukan zuciya na duniya, bugun jini, da mutuwar ciwon huhu. Gabaɗaya WHO ta kiyasta cewa ƙarancin iska na cikin gida ya haifar da asarar shekaru miliyan 86 na masu lafiya a cikin 2019. [9]

Nazarin da aka yi a Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai sun nuna bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida, sunadarai da gurɓatawar halittu na iya fusata tsarin iska na sama, haifar ko kara yawan asma da sauran yanayin numfashi ko zuciya, kuma yana iya samun tasirin cutar kansa.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Rashin ingancin iska na cikin gida na iya haifar da ciwon gini mara lafiya. Alamomin sun haɗa da ƙone idanu, makogwaro mai laushi, hanci mai toshewa, da ciwon kai.[16]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Carroll, GT; Kirschman, DL; Mammana, A (2022). "Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: an imperative for intentional crowd control". Patient Safety in Surgery. 16 (35): 35. doi:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8. PMC 9672642 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36397098 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Belias, Evangelos; Licina, Dusan (2022). "Outdoor PM2. 5 air filtration: optimising indoor air quality and energy". Buildings & Cities. 3 (1): 186–203. doi:10.5334/bc.153.
  3. ↑ Bruce, N; Perez-Padilla, R; Albalak, R (2000). "Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (9): 1078–92. PMC 2560841. PMID 11019457.
  4. ↑ "Household air pollution and health: fact sheet". WHO (in Turanci). May 8, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  5. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2019). "Access to Energy". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021. According to the Global Burden of Disease study 1.6 million people died prematurely in 2017 as a result of indoor air pollution ... But it's worth noting that the WHO publishes a substantially larger number of indoor air pollution deaths..
  6. ↑ Klepeis, Neil E; Nelson, William C; Ott, Wayne R; Robinson, John P; Tsang, Andy M; Switzer, Paul; Behar, Joseph V; Hern, Stephen C; Engelmann, William H (July 2001). "The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants". Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 11 (3): 231–252. Bibcode:2001JESEE..11..231K. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500165. OSTI 785282. PMID 11477521. S2CID 22445147. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  7. ↑ Klepeis, Neil E; Nelson, William C; Ott, Wayne R; Robinson, John P; Tsang, Andy M; Switzer, Paul; Behar, Joseph V; Hern, Stephen C; Engelmann, William H (July 1, 2001). "The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants". Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (in Turanci). 11 (3): 231–252. Bibcode:2001JESEE..11..231K. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500165. ISSN 1559-0631. OSTI 785282. PMID 11477521. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Combined or multiple exposure to health stressors in indoor built environments: an evidence-based review prepared for the WHO training workshop "Multiple environmental exposures and risks": 16–18 October 2013, Bonn, Germany". World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (in Turanci). 2014. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Household air pollution". World Health Organization (in Turanci). December 15, 2023. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  10. ↑ Clark, Sierra N.; Lam, Holly C. Y.; Goode, Emma-Jane; Marczylo, Emma L.; Exley, Karen S.; Dimitroulopoulou, Sani (2 August 2023). "The Burden of Respiratory Disease from Formaldehyde, Damp and Mould in English Housing". Environments (in Turanci). 10 (8): 136. Bibcode:2023Envi...10..136C. doi:10.3390/environments10080136. ISSN 2076-3298.
  11. ↑ "Chief Medical Officer (CMO): annual reports". GOV.UK (in Turanci). 2023-11-16. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  12. ↑ "Project information | Indoor air quality at home | Quality standards | NICE". www.nice.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  13. ↑ "The inside story: Health effects of indoor air quality on children and young people". RCPCH (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  14. ↑ Halios, Christos H.; Landeg-Cox, Charlotte; Lowther, Scott D.; Middleton, Alice; Marczylo, Tim; Dimitroulopoulou, Sani (15 September 2022). "Chemicals in European residences – Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)". Science of the Total Environment. 839. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.83956201H. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156201. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 35623519 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ "Literature review on chemical pollutants in indoor air in public settings for children and overview of their health effects with a focus on schools, kindergartens and day-care centres". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  16. ↑ Burge, P S (February 2004). "Sick building syndrome". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 61 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1136/oem.2003.008813. PMC 1740708. PMID 14739390.
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