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Ingancin ruwa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ana amfani da Samfurin rosette don tattara samfurori na ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kamar Great Lakes ko teku, don gwajin ingancin ruwa.

Ingancin ruwa yana nufin sinadarai, jiki, da halayen ruwa dangane da ka'idojin amfani da shi.[1][2] Ana amfani dashi akai-akai ta hanyar ambaton saitin ka'idoji wanda za'a iya kimanta bin doka, gabaɗaya ta hanyar magani ruwa[3]. Ka'idodin da aka fi amfani da su don saka idanu da kimanta ingancin ruwa suna nuna lafiyar yanayin halittu, aminci hulɗar mutum, girman gurɓataccen ruwa da yanayin ruwan sha. Ingancin ruwa yana da tasiri sosai akan samar da ruwa kuma sau da yawa yana ƙayyade zaɓuɓɓukan samarwa.

Tasirin lafiyar jama'a

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A tsawon lokaci, ana samun karuwar fahimtar mahimmancin ingancin ruwan sha da tasirinsa ga lafiyar jama'a.  Wannan ya haifar da karuwar kariya da sarrafa ingancin ruwa

Fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ingancin ruwa da kiwon lafiya na ci gaba da girma kuma yana nuna sabbin matsalolin kiwon lafiya: daga tasirin Cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa akan ci gaban yara ta hanyar raguwa zuwa sabbin shaidu akan cutar daga sanannun gurbatawa, kamar Manganese tare da karuwar shaidar Neurotoxicity a cikin yara. Bugu da kari, akwai batutuwan ingancin ruwa da yawa - kamar su microplastics, mahaɗan perfluorinated, da juriya ta antimicrobial.[4]

Matsayi

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Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da aka yi niyya.  Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali kan ruwan da ake bi da shi don samun ƙarfi, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/ta ruwa). [5]

Amfani da Mutum

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Yankin da na kasa gurɓata ruwan sha ta hanyar nau'in sinadarai da girman yawan jama'a a cikin haɗarin fallasawa

Gurɓatattun abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa cikin ruwan da ba a kula da su ba sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da ƙwayoyin cuta;  gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar gishiri da karafa;  gurbataccen sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin masana'antu da amfani da man fetur;  magungunan kashe qwari da ciyawa;  da kuma gurɓataccen rediyo.  Ingancin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin muhalli, da kuma amfani da ɗan adam kamar tarwatsawar najasa, gurɓataccen masana'antu, amfani da ruwa a matsayin matattarar zafi, da yin amfani da yawa (wanda zai iya rage matakin ruwa).[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span>]

Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka [6] (EPA) ta iyakance adadin wasu gurbataccen ruwa a cikin Ruwan famfo da Tsarin ruwa na jama'a na Amurka ya bayar. Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki ta ba da izini ga EPA don bayar da nau'ikan ka'idoji guda biyu:

  • ka'idoji na farko suna tsara abubuwan da zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam; [7]
  • ka'idojin sakandare suna ba da halaye masu kyau, waɗanda ke shafar dandano, ƙanshi, ko bayyanar.[8]

Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) sun kafa iyakoki ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kwalba. [9] Ruwan sha, gami da ruwan kwalba, ana iya sa ran ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙananan abubuwa masu gurɓata. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓataccen abu ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa ruwa yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya.

A cikin birane a duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsarkake ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don cire gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa na sama ko Ruwa na ƙasa) kafin a rarraba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwa da aka samo kai tsaye daga rafi, tafki, ko ruwa kuma wanda ba shi da magani zai kasance mai inganci ba dangane da potability.

Nauyin ruwan sha mai gurɓataccen ruwa yana haifar da yawan mutanen da ba su da wakilci da masu rauni. Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan ayyukan ruwan sha mai tsabta suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke tattare da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Kwalara, zawo, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da cutar shan inna.[10] Wadannan al'ummomin galibi suna cikin yankuna masu karamin karfi, inda ake fitar da ruwan da ba a san shi ba a cikin tashar ruwa mai zurfi ko ruwa mai zurfin ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa.

Amfani da masana'antu da na gida

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ions da aka narke na iya shafar dacewa da ruwa don dalilai daban-daban na masana'antu da na gida. Mafi sanannun waɗannan tabbas shine kasancewar calcium (Ca2 +) da Magnesium (Mg2 +) wanda ke tsoma baki tare da aikin tsaftacewa na sabulu, kuma yana iya samar da sulfate mai wuya da ajiya carbonate mai laushi a cikin masu dumama ruwa ko boilers. Ana iya sauƙaƙa ruwa mai wuya don cire waɗannan ions. Tsarin taushi sau da yawa yana maye gurbin sodium cations. Ga wasu al'ummomi, ruwa mai wuya na iya zama mafi kyau ga ruwa mai laushi saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa da rashi na calcium da kuma yawan sodium. Bukatar ƙarin calcium da magnesium a cikin ruwa ya dogara da yawan mutanen da ake tambaya saboda mutane gabaɗaya suna gamsar da adadin da aka ba da shawarar ta hanyar abinci. : 99, 115, 377 :99, 115, 377

Ingancin ruwa na muhalli

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  Ingancin ruwa na muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira ingancin ruwa na yanayi, yana da alaƙa da ruwa kamar Tekuna, koguna, da teku.[11] Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin halittu, da kuma amfani da mutum. Abubuwan guba da yawan jama'a na wasu kwayoyin cuta na iya gabatar da haɗarin lafiya don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfani da masana'antu.[12] Wadannan yanayi na iya shafar namun daji, wanda ke amfani da ruwa don sha ko a matsayin mazaunin. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya suna ƙayyade kariya ga kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, a matsayin mafi ƙaranci, riƙe ƙa'idodin ingancin yanzu. A wasu wurare, yanayin ingancin ruwa da ake so sun haɗa da babban adadin iskar oxygen, ƙananan chlorophyll-a, da kuma tsabtace ruwa mai yawa.[13]

Akwai sha'awar da jama'a ke yi na dawo da jikin ruwa zuwa yanayin da ya dace, ko yanayin masana'antu.[14] Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu suna mai da hankali kan sanya takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunayen suna ba da izinin gurɓataccen ruwa muddin takamaiman nau'in gurɓata ba shi da lahani ga amfanin da aka tsara. Idan aka ba da canje-canje na wuri (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, birni, sharewa a cikin gandun daji) a cikin ruwa mai yawa, komawa ga yanayin da ya dace zai zama babban kalubale. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, masana kimiyyar muhalli suna mai da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin halittu mai kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali ga kare yawan mutanen da ke cikin haɗari da kare lafiyar ɗan adam.  

Samfurin da auna

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Tarin samfurin

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An shigar da tashar samfurori ta atomatik tare da East Branch Milwaukee River, New Fane, Wisconsin. An ɗaga murfin samfurin mota mai kwalliya 24 (cibiyar) a wani ɓangare, yana nuna kwalabe na samfurin a ciki. Mai samfurori yana tattara samfurori a lokacin lokaci, ko daidaitawa don gudana a cikin takamaiman lokacin. Mai ɗaukar bayanai (farin majalisa) yana yin rikodin zafin jiki, takamaiman hali, da matakan iskar oxygen.

Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun ana nuna shi a cikin nau'ikan ma'auni da yawa na alamun ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa ana yin su daidai a wurin, saboda ruwa Yanayi cikin daidaituwa tare da kewayenta. Matakan da aka saba yi a shafin kuma a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkewar iskar oxygen, gudanarwa, yiwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin Secchi disk.

Ana iya yin samfurin ruwa don gwajin jiki ko na sinadarai ta hanyoyi da yawa, dangane da daidaito da ake buƙata da halaye na gurɓataccen. Hanyoyin samfurori sun haɗa da misali samfurori na bazuwar mai sauƙi, samfurori masu sassauci, samfuroni na tsari da grid, samfurorin daidaitawa, ɗaukar samfurori, sa ido na ci gaba da ci gaba, samfuromi mai wucewa, sa ido mai nisa, jin nesa, da kuma sa ido kan halittu. Amfani da samfurori masu wucewa yana rage tsada da buƙatar ababen more rayuwa a wurin samfurori.

Yawancin abubuwan gurɓataccen abu suna ƙuntataccen lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan ruwan sama. Saboda wannan dalili samfurori "grab" sau da yawa ba su isa ba don cikakken ƙididdigar matakan gurɓataccen.[15] Masana kimiyya da ke tattara irin wannan bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urorin samfurori na atomatik waɗanda ke yin amfani da ruwa a kowane lokaci ko lokacin fitarwa.

Sau da yawa ana yin ma'auni mai rikitarwa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar shi, da kuma nazarin shi a wani wuri.

Tambayoyi

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Tsarin samfurori na ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu:

  • Matsalar farko ita ce yadda samfurin zai iya zama wakiltar tushen ruwa na sha'awa. Tushen ruwa ya bambanta da lokaci da wuri. Ma'aunin sha'awa na iya bambanta a yanayi ko daga rana zuwa dare ko kuma don mayar da martani ga wasu ayyukan mutum ko yawan halitta na tsire-tsire da Dabbobi. Ma'aunin sha'awa na iya bambanta da nisa daga iyakar ruwa tare da yanayi mai zurfi da ƙasa mai zurfi ko mai iyaka. Dole ne mai samfurori ya ƙayyade idan lokaci ɗaya da wuri ya cika bukatun binciken, ko kuma idan ana iya kimanta amfani da ruwa na sha'awa ta hanyar matsakaicin ƙimar samfur a kan lokaci da wuri, ko kuma soki mahimman matsakaitan da mafi ƙarancin suna buƙatar ma'auni na mutum a kan lokaci, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru. Hanyar tattara samfurin dole ne ta tabbatar da daidaitattun ma'auni na lokutan samfurori da wuraren da matsakaicin ya dace.[16] : 39-40 Inda matsakaicin ko mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ya kasance, dole ne a yi amfani da Hanyoyin kididdiga don ƙayyade isasshen samfuran don tantance yiwuwar wuce waɗannan ƙimar ƙididdiga.
  • Matsalar ta biyu tana faruwa yayin da aka cire samfurin daga tushen ruwa kuma ya fara kafa daidaitattun sunadarai tare da sabon mahallinta - akwati na samfurin. Dole ne a yi kwantena na samfurin da kayan aiki tare da ƙananan amsawa tare da abubuwan da za a auna; tsaftace kwantena na samfur yana da mahimmanci. Samfurin ruwa na iya narkar da wani ɓangare na akwati na samfurin da duk wani raguwa a kan wannan akwati, kuma sunadarai da aka narkar a cikin samfurin na iya narkewa a kan akwati na samfur kuma su kasance a can lokacin da aka zuba ruwa don bincike.[16] : 4 Irin wannan hulɗar jiki da sinadarai na iya faruwa tare da kowane famfo, bututu, ko na'urori na tsakiya da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin samfurin ruwa a cikin akwati na samfurin. Ruwa da aka tattara daga zurfin da ke ƙasa da farfajiyar za a gudanar da shi a rage pH_(matter)" id="mwATM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Phase (matter)">matakin yanayi; don haka iskar gas da aka narke a cikin ruwa za ta tattara a saman akwati. Gas na sararin samaniya sama da ruwa na iya narkewa cikin samfurin ruwa. Sauran daidaitattun sinadarai na iya canzawa idan samfurin ruwa ya canza zafin jiki. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka raba da aka dakatar da shi ta hanyar turbulence na ruwa na iya zama a kasan akwati na samfurin, ko kuma wani lokaci mai ƙarfi na iya samuwa daga ci gaban halitta ko hazo na sinadarai. Microorganisms a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya canza yawan iskar oxygen, carbon dioxide, da mahadi na kwayoyin halitta. Canjin yawan carbon dioxide na iya canza pH da canza solubility na sunadarai masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan matsalolin suna da damuwa ta musamman yayin auna sunadarai da aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci a ƙananan ƙididdiga.[17]
Gyara samfurin ruwa da aka tattara da hannu (samfurin kamawa) don bincike

Adana samfurin na iya warware matsalar ta biyu. Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce kiyaye samfurori sanyi don rage yawan halayen sunadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan kawai yana rage canje-canje maimakon hana su.[16] : 43-45 Hanyar da ta dace don tantance tasirin kwantena na samfurin yayin jinkiri tsakanin tattara samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen samfurori biyu na wucin gadi kafin taron samfurori. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori na samfurori yana cike da ruwa da aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadarin da ke da sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", an buɗe shi don fallasa yanayin lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake shi kuma a kai shi dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don tantance ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa sun gabatar da duk wani adadin sinadarin sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai "sanya" tare da ƙarin adadin sinadarin sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar samfurin da ba shi da kyau (matsayi mara kyau) da samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi (matsayin iko) tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyar hanyoyi iri ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asarar yayin lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tattarawa da bincike.[18]

Gwaje-gwaje don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran gaggawa

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Ruwa na gwaji a cikin Tekun Mexico bayan zubar da man Deepwater HorizonRashin man fetur na Deepwater Horizon

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar ƙasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan take daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba don gwadawa da dawo da kayan aikin yau da kullun da samar da mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka zama dole don rayuwa da dawowa.[19] Barazanar Cutar tana ƙaruwa sosai saboda yawan mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsabtace tsabta ba.[20]

Bayan bala'i na halitta, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi masu yawa game da mafi kyawun hanyar da za a dauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Muhimman sigogi na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yiwuwar conductivity / jimlar narkewar abubuwa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na tsabtace cuta.[21]

Bayan manyan bala'o'i na halitta, lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo zuwa matakan kafin bala'i. Misali, biyo bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya na shekara ta 2004 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (IWMI) da ke Colombo ta sa ido kan tasirin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun dawo zuwa ingancin ruwan sha kafin tsunami shekara daya da rabi bayan taron.[22] IWMI ta haɓaka ladabi don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurɓata; daga baya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da su a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin jagororin gaggawa.

Binciken sunadarai

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gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer<br id="mwAYU"> yana auna magungunan kashe kwari da sauran gurɓataccen kwayoyin.

Hanyoyi mafi sauki na 2" href="./Analytical_chemistry" id="mwAYk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Analytical chemistry">nazarin sinadarai sune wadanda ke auna abubuwan sunadarai ba tare da la'akari da siffar su ba. Binciken farko don iskar oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna maida hankali ga 890 g / L (grams a kowace lita) na samfurin ruwa saboda iskar oxygen (O) tana da 89% na kwayar ruwa (H2O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna iskar oxygen ya kamata ya bambanta tsakanin iskar oxygen da iskar oxygen tare da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙin kwatankwacin nazarin asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na samfurin bayanai da ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa don abubuwa wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe mai nauyi. Binciken ruwa don karafa masu nauyi dole ne suyi la'akari da ƙwayoyin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Wadannan ƙwayoyin ƙasa da aka dakatar na iya ƙunsar ƙididdigar ƙarfe. Kodayake ba a narke barbashi a cikin ruwa ba, mutane da ke sha ruwa na iya cinye su. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar ƙarfe da aka narke a kan akwati na samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin ƙarfe daga ƙwayoyin ƙasa da aka dakatar. Filtration na barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙarin acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar ƙarfe da aka narke a kan tacewa. Matsalolin bambance-bambance irin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sun fi ƙalubale.

Ana amfani da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta na atom don auna mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi.

Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama mai tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya zama mai tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido da ci gaba da kuma sakamakon da Hukumomin gwamnati suka fitar. Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen masu sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake samu don wasu ƙididdigar gaba ɗaya.[23] Kayan aikin da ake samu ga jama'a gaba ɗaya sun haɗa da kayan gwajin yanar gizo, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin kimanta halittu.

Biosensors

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Biosensors suna da damar "babban hankali, zaɓaɓɓu, amintacce, sauƙi, ƙarancin farashi da amsawar lokaci na ainihi".[24] Misali, masu ilimin halittu sun ba da rahoton ci gaban , wanda zai iya gano matakan gurɓataccen ruwa daban-daban.[25]ROSALIND 2.0

Kula da lokaci na ainihi

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Kodayake yawanci ana gwada ingancin ruwa kuma ana nazarin shi a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20 an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke bayarwa. Yawancin masu amfani da ruwa sun haɓaka tsarin don tattara bayanai na ainihi game da ingancin ruwa. A farkon karni na 21, an tura na'urori masu auna sigina iri-iri da tsarin sa ido na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkewar iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. An kuma haɓaka wasu tsarin jin nesa don saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa a cikin kogin, kogin da ruwa na bakin teku.[26][27]

Ana amfani da ma'aunin wutar lantarki don auna jimlar abubuwan da aka narke.

Wadannan sune jerin alamomi sau da yawa ana auna su ta hanyar yanayin yanayi:

  • Alkalinity
  • Launi na ruwa
  • pH
  • Tasiri da ƙanshi (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), da dai sauransu)
  • Karfe da gishiri da aka narke (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, Manganese, Magnesium)
  • Microorganisms irin su kwayoyin cuta na fecal coliform (Escherichia coli), Cryptosporidium, da Giardia lamblia; duba Binciken ruwa na kwayoyin cuteBinciken ruwa na kwayar cuta
  • Ƙarfe da aka narke da kuma metalloids (shugabanni, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu)
  • Kwayoyin da aka narke: kwayoyin da aka narkar da su masu launi (CDOM), carbon da aka narkusa (DOC)
  • Radon
  • Ƙarfe masu nauyi
  • Magunguna
  • Kwayoyin Hormone

Alamun muhalli

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Alamun jiki

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Alamun sinadarai

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Alamun halittu

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  An haɓaka ma'aunin sa ido na halittu a wurare da yawa, kuma ɗayan da aka yi amfani da su sosai don ma'auni don ruwa mai laushi shine kasancewar da yawa na membobin umarnin kwari Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera da Trichoptera (EPT) (na macroinvertebrates na benthic waɗanda sunayensu na yau da kullun sune, bi da bi, mayfly, stonefly da caddisfly). Lissafin EPT zai bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma gabaɗaya, a cikin yanki, yawan adadin haraji daga waɗannan umarni ya fi girma, ingancin ruwa ya fi kyau. Kungiyoyi a Amurka, kamar EPA. bayar da jagora kan haɓaka shirin saka idanu da kuma gano membobin waɗannan da sauran umarnin kwari na ruwa. Yawancin masu zubar da ruwa na Amurka (misali, masana'antu, tashoshin wutar lantarki, masu tsaftacewa, ma'adinai, tashoshan gyaran datti na gari) ana buƙatar su don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na lokaci-lokaci na guba (WET).[28]

Mutanen da ke sha'awar saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya biyan ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba za su kuma iya amfani da alamun halittu don samun karatun ingancin ruwa gaba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine shirin sa ido kan ruwa na sa kai na Iowa na Iowa, wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin mai nuna alamar EPT.

Ana amfani da molluscs na Bivalve a matsayin masu nuna halittu don saka idanu kan lafiyar yanayin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai laushi da yanayin ruwa. Matsayinsu na yawan jama'a ko tsari, ilimin lissafi, halayyar ko matakin gurɓataccen abu tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓatawar yanayin halittu. Suna da amfani sosai tunda suna da sessile don su kasance wakiltar mahalli inda aka samo su ko aka sanya su. Wani aikin da aka saba da shi shine Shirin Tsaro na Mussel na Amurka, [29] amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya.

Hanyar Kudancin Afirka (SASS) tsarin sa ido ne na ingancin ruwa wanda ya danganci kasancewar macroinvertebrates na benthic (EPT). An inganta kayan aikin Kula da halittu na ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wanda aka gyara musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, wato yarjejeniyar ISO / IEC 17025. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu tana amfani da hanyar SASS5 a matsayin daidaitattun hanyar kimanta lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Lafiya na Kogin na Kasa da kuma Bayanan Kogin na kasa.

Tasirin canjin yanayi

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Page 'Water security#Reduced water quality due to climate change' not found

Matsayi da rahotanni

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A cikin saitin ka'idoji, hukumomi suna yin yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha / kimiyya bisa ga yadda za a yi amfani da ruwa.[30] Game da ruwa na halitta, hukumomi suma suna yin ƙididdigar da ta dace game da yanayin da ba shi da kyau. Rashin ruwa na halitta zai bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli na yankin, inda abubuwan da ke kewaye da su ke rinjayar su ta hanyar Yanayin ƙasa, turɓaya, da nau'ikan dutse, yanayin ƙasa, ilimin ruwa, da yanayi.[31] Masana kimiyyar muhalli da masu ilimin ruwa suna aiki don fassara sigogi da yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ga ingancin ruwa na yanki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen gano tushen da makomar gurɓataccen abu. Lauyoyin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi suna aiki don bayyana doka tare da niyyar cewa ana kiyaye ruwa a ingancin da ya dace don amfani da shi.

Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a.  A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa abu ne mai sarƙaƙiya, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki.  Ayyukan masana'antu da na kasuwanci (misali masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, sufuri) sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa kamar yadda ake zubar da ruwa daga yankunan noma, zubar da ruwa na birane da zubar da ruwa da aka gyara da kuma rashin kula da su.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Kasashen Duniya

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  • The World Health Organization (WHO) published updated guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) in 2017.
  • The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published [yaushe?] regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060,[32] ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems.[33]

Bayanan kasa don ruwan yanayi da ruwan sha

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Tarayyar Turai

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  Manufofin ruwa na Tarayyar Turai an tsara su da farko a cikin umarni uku:

  • Umurni kan Maganin Ruwa na Kasuwanci (91/271/EEC) na 21 ga Mayu 1991 game da fitar da ruwa na gari da wasu ruwa mai tsabta na masana'antu;
  • Umurnin Ruwa Mai Shan (98/83/EC) na 3 ga Nuwamba 1998 game da ingancin ruwan sha;
  • Umurnin Tsarin Ruwa (2000/60/EC) na 23 ga Oktoba 2000 game da kula da albarkatun ruwa.

Indiya

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  • Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya (ICMR) Matsayi don Ruwa mai sha. 

Jagororin ingancin ruwa don Afirka ta Kudu an haɗa su bisa ga nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na cikin gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin Ingancin Ruwa na 1996. Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ka'idar Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241 Bayanan Ruwa mai sha.

Ƙasar Ingila

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A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Sakamako na Bayar da Ruwa (Kyakkyawan Ruwa) 2000."   A cikin Amurka, hukumomin jihohi sun bayyana ka'idojin ingancin ruwa don nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban, wanda ke jagorantar amfani da ake so don jikin ruwa (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane iko mai mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilar da aka rufe) don gabatar da saitin rahotanni na shekaru biyu game da ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Wadannan rahotanni an san su da rahotanni na 303 (d) da 305 (b), masu suna saboda tanadin su na CWA, kuma an gabatar da su, kuma an amince da su, EPA. Wadannan rahotanni an kammala su ne ta hanyar ikon mulki, yawanci hukumar muhalli ta jihar. EPA ta ba da shawarar cewa kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗin kai" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin ruwan da ya lalace da kuma matsayin dukkan jikin ruwa a cikin jihar.[34] Rahoton Ingancin Ruwa na Kasa ga Majalisa babban rahoto ne game da ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da yawan mil na koguna da koguna da kuma yanayin su.[35] CWA tana buƙatar jihohi su karɓi ƙa'idodi don kowane amfani da aka tsara da suka ba su ga ruwan su. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko sun rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tafkin sun kasa cika Ka'idodin Ingancin Ruwa don ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin amfanin da aka tsara, ana sanya shi a cikin jerin ruwan da ya lalace. Da zarar jihar ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da shirin gudanarwa wanda ke kafa Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) don gurbataccen (s) wanda ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Wadannan TMDLs sun kafa raguwar da ake buƙata don tallafawa cikakkiyar amfani da aka tsara.

Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha.[7]

Dubi kuma

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  1. ↑ Cordy, Gail E. (March 2001). "A Primer on Water Quality". U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). FS-027-01.
  2. ↑ Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 26 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:1997JEnvQ..26..581J. doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x.
  3. ↑ https://oceanfdn.org/ha/diflomasiya-kimiyyar-teku/
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  5. ↑ "Other Uses and Types of Water". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2021-08-10.
  6. ↑ "What is water quality? Eight key characteristics". Water Rangers (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  7. 1 2 "Drinking Water Regulations". Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems. EPA. 2022-09-20.
  8. ↑ "Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals". EPA. 2022-02-17.
  9. ↑ "FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages". Food Facts for Consumers. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018-09-22. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.
  10. ↑ "Drinking-water". WHO. 2022-03-21. Fact sheet.
  11. ↑ "Supplemental Module: Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria". EPA. 2022-06-28. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Adlish, John I.; Costa, Davide; Mainardi, Enrico; Neuhold, Piero; Surrente, Riccardo; Tagliapietra, Luca J. (2020-10-31). "Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 keV Energy Electron Beam". Instruments. 4 (4): 32. arXiv:2009.03763. doi:10.3390/instruments4040032. Plastic is the most common type of marine debris found in oceans, and it is the most widespread problem affecting the marine environment. It also threatens ocean health, food safety and quality, human health, and coastal tourism, and it contributes to climate change
  13. ↑ Tango, Peter J.; Batiuk, Richard A. (2013-09-04). "Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards". JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. Wiley. 49 (5): 1007–1024. Bibcode:2013JAWRA..49.1007T. doi:10.1111/jawr.12108. ISSN 1093-474X. S2CID 102492027.
  14. ↑ "Watershed Restoration Program". US Forest Service. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  15. ↑ "Sampling - KFUPM School , nature is us - Forums - Tunza Eco Generation". tunza.eco-generation.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2021-09-19.
  16. 1 2 3 Franson, Mary Ann (1975). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 14th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association & Water Pollution Control Federation. ISBN 0-87553-078-8
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Goldman
  18. ↑ "Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data". USGS, Quality Systems Branch. 2009-08-28. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Natural Disasters and Severe Weather (2014-08-13). "Tsunamis: Water Quality". CDC.
  20. ↑ Furusawa, Takuro; Maki, Norio; Suzuki, Shingo (2008-01-01). "Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami". Tropical Medicine and Health. 36 (2): 65–74. doi:10.2149/tmh.2007-63.
  21. ↑ Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Sorrell, Charles C. (2014). "Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO2 Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications". Advanced Engineering Materials. 16 (2): 248–254. arXiv:1404.2652. doi:10.1002/adem.201300259. S2CID 118571942.
  22. ↑ International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2010). "Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami." Success Stories. Issue 7. doi:10.5337/2011.0030
  23. ↑ An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program: "Monitoring Our Waters". Watershed Restoration. Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2018-11-11..
  24. ↑ Ejeian, Fatemeh; Etedali, Parisa; Mansouri-Tehrani, Hajar-Alsadat; Soozanipour, Asieh; Low, Ze-Xian; Asadnia, Mohsen; Taheri-Kafrani, Asghar; Razmjou, Amir (30 October 2018). "Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 118: 66–79. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019. ISSN 1873-4235. PMID 30056302. S2CID 51889142.
  25. ↑ Jung, Jaeyoung K.; Archuleta, Chloé M.; Alam, Khalid K.; Lucks, Julius B. (17 February 2022). "Programming cell-free biosensors with DNA strand displacement circuits". Nature Chemical Biology. 18 (4): 385–393. doi:10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9. ISSN 1552-4469. PMC 8964419 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35177837 Check |pmid= value (help).
  26. ↑ "Water Quality Monitoring". Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute. 2018-08-06. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
  27. ↑ "Eyes on the Bay". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Chesapeake Bay. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
  28. ↑ "Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods". Clean Water Act Analytical Methods. EPA. 2020-08-01.
  29. ↑ "Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment: Mussel Watch Contaminant Monitoring". Ccma.nos.noaa.gov. 2014-01-14. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
  30. ↑ "What Are Water Quality Standards?". Standards for Water Body Health. EPA. 2022-04-14.
  31. ↑ Daniels, Mike; Scott, Thad; Haggard, Brian; Sharpley, Andrew; Daniel, Tommy (2009). "What is Water Quality?" (PDF). University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  32. ↑ International Organization for Standardization (ISO). "13.060: Water quality". Retrieved 2011-07-04.
  33. ↑ ISO. "91.140.60: Water supply systems". Retrieved 2011-07-04.
  34. ↑ "Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)". Impaired Waters and TMDLs. EPA. 2022-08-31.
  35. ↑ "National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress". Water Data and Tools. EPA. 2021-12-07.

Haɗin waje

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Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingancin_ruwa&oldid=722895"