Inji Aflatoun

Inji Aflatoun
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	neighborhood in Cairo, Egypt (mul) , 16 ga Afirilu, 1924
ƙasa	Misra
Harshen uwa	Faransanci
Mutuwa	Kairo, 17 ga Afirilu, 1989
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Hassan Chaker Efflatoun
Ahali	Gulpérie Efflatoun Abdalla (en)
Karatu
Makaranta	Jami'ar Alkahira
Harsuna	Larabci Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	painter (en) , Mai kare hakkin mata da gwagwarmaya
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Kamel el-Telmissany, David Alfaro Siqueiros (en) da Margo Veillon (en)
Fafutuka	surrealism (en)
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasa	Egyptian Communist Party (en)

Inji Aflatoun (wanda aka fi sani da Efflatoun, Larabci; 16 ga Afrilu 1924 - 17 ga Afrilu 1989 ) ya kasance mai zane-zane kuma mai fafutuka a cikin ƙungiyar mata. Ta kasance "babban mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Marxist-progressive-nationalist-feminist a ƙarshen 1940s da 1950s", da kuma "mai gabatarwa na fasahar Masar ta zamani" da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin mahimman masu zane-zane na Masar".

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Aflatoun a Alkahira a shekara ta 1924 a cikin dangin Musulmi na gargajiya da ta bayyana a matsayin "semi-feudal da bourgeois", mahaifinta, Hassan Efflatoun, masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta ne kuma mai mallakar ƙasa, sunansu na ƙarshe, ma'ana Plato, sunan laƙabi ne wanda ya maye gurbin sunan danginsu na asali na Kashef. Mahaifiyarta, Salha, ta saki Hassan tana da shekaru goma sha takwas kuma ta tayar da Inji da 'yar'uwarta Gulpérie. Ta kasance mai tsara tufafi da aka horar da ita a Faransa kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin mata na Red Crescent Society na Masar. Sanin farko na Aflatoun game da jinsi da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa an tsara shi ne a wani bangare ta rayuwar mahaifiyarta, Salha Efflatoun . Ya yi aure yana da shekara goma sha huɗu kuma ya sake shi yana da shekara sha tara, a wannan shekarar ne aka haifi Inji. Salha ta fuskanci manyan kalubale na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 1936, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kasuwa mata na farko na Masar ta hanyar kafa gidan kayan ado na farko na ƙasar, Maison Salha . Da goyon bayan mai kula da banki Talaat Harb, kasuwancin ya inganta kayan da aka samar a cikin gida kuma ya wakilci sabon samfurin 'yancin mata ta hanyar aiki mai kirkiro da tattalin arzikin kasa. Inji Aflatoun ya fara zuwa makaranta a makarantar Katolika Le Collège du Sacré-Coeur . A wannan makarantar ta ji an hana ta kuma ta fara lura da rashin adalci na zamantakewa cewa "babu ma daidaito a gaban Allah". A shekara goma sha huɗu ta koma wata makaranta inda ta gano Marxism a Lycée Français du Caire . A lokacin da take can an kuma fallasa ta ga dalibai na asali daban-daban kuma ta koyi game da juyin juya halin Faransa da mamayewar Napoleon na Masar kuma yana da tasiri ga manyan ɗalibai a Misira. Ta zama mai fafutuka a cikin ayyukanta kuma ta ƙara yin tambaya game da rarrabuwa tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta. A lokacin makaranta, Aflatoun tana son yin fenti kuma iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta amma ta sami malamai na fasaha a makarantar ba su da ban sha'awa. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin an nuna aikinta ga mai zane Mahmoud Said wanda ya ƙarfafa mahaifiyarta ta ba ta malami. Ita ce malaminta na sirri, Kamel el-Telmissany, wanda ya gabatar da ita ga rayuwar da gwagwarmayar manoman Masar. Al-Telmissany na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa 'Art and Freedom Group', ƙungiyar surrealist wacce za ta yi tasiri ga ci gaban Aflatoun a matsayin mai zane.

Yunkurin fafutuka

A shekara ta 1942, ta shiga Iskra, jam'iyyar matasa ta Kwaminisanci. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Fuad I da ke Alkahira tare da digiri a fannin falsafa, ta zama, tare da Latifa al-Zayyat, memba mai kafa a 1945 na Rabitat Fatayat a jami'a wa al ma' ahid (League of university and Institutes' Young Women). A shekara ta 1945 ta kuma yi kamfen don daidaita albashi da aiki ga mata kuma a wannan shekarar ta wakilci League a taron farko na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya (WIDF) a Paris. Ta kasance memba mai aiki na WIDF yayin da kungiyar ta taimaka wajen tura yarjejeniyar doka don karewa daga nuna bambanci ga mata. Ta rubuta Thamanun milyun imraa ma'ana (Mata Miliyan tamanin tare da Mu) a cikin 1948 kuma an kwace litattafan bayan an sake su duk da haka an sake rarraba su bayan Aflatoun ya kai karar Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Wannan aikin ya ba da labarin taron WIDF ya haɗa gwagwarmaya daban-daban da tsarin zalunci da kuma nuna ra'ayoyin kasa da kasa. Ta kuma rubuta Nahnu al-nisa al-misriyyat (Mu Mata Masarawa) a cikin 1949. Wadannan sanannun takardun siyasa sun haɗa aji da zalunci na jinsi, suna haɗa duka biyu da zalunci mai mulkin mallaka. Ta kuma rubuta game da muhimmancin ilimi ga mata da rashin mata a matsayin malamai, da kuma magance batutuwan shugabanci a cikin "al'adu, dokoki, da al'adu" na Masar. Sa'an nan a cikin 1949, ta zama memba mai kafa Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Farko ta Masar. Ta shiga Harakat ansar al salam (Movement of the Friends of Peace) a cikin 1950. A cikin 1950 ta kuma kirkiro da rarraba litattafai don zaɓen mata. A shekara ta 1951 ta kafa majalisar mata game da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Misira don tallafawa adawa da makamai da shirya takunkumi. Ta kuma kirkiro zane-zane a wannan lokacin wanda ya nuna cutar da mulkin mallaka ya haifar musamman ga mata. Aflatoun ta ci gaba da rubutu game da batutuwan da mata suka fuskanta a cikin shekarun 1950, kamar a shekarar 1958 lokacin da ta tayar da batutuwar hutun haihuwa da rashin kulawa da lafiyar mata. An kama ta kuma a asirce an ɗaure ta a lokacin da Nasser ya tattara kwaminisanci a shekarar 1959. Ta kasance daga cikin rukuni na farko na mata da aka ɗaure saboda gwagwarmayar siyasa a Misira, wanda daga baya ta bayyana a matsayin alama ce ta karuwar ikon siyasa na mata a zamanin Nasser. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 1987, ta nuna cewa ɗaurin mata saboda imanin siyasa ba ya nuna cewa ba zalunci kadai ba ne, har ma da amincewa da hukumar siyasa ta mata da daidaito da maza. Ta ci gaba da zanen yayin da take kurkuku kuma an sake ta a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1963. Bayan an sake ta, an rushe jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Masar, ta ba da mafi yawan lokacinta ga zanen. Daga baya ta bayyana cewa: "Nasser, ko da yake ya jefa ni a kurkuku, ya kasance mai kishin kasa mai kyau".

Tasirin fasaha

Malamin fasaharta mai zaman kansa, Kamel el-Telmissany, jagora a cikin ƙungiyar surrealist ta Masar da ake kira Art and Freedom Group, ya gabatar da ita ga surrealist da cubist aesthetics. Lokacin da yake magana game da tasirin Tutor, Aflatoun ya ce kulawarsa da ƙarfafawa sun taimaka mata ta wuce shingen da ke riƙe da ita. Kungiyar Fasaha da 'Yanci, ko Jama'at al-Fann wa al-Hurriya a cikin Larabci, ta kasance mai matukar siyasa kuma tana da alaƙa da babbar Tarayyar Fasaha ta Juyin Juya Halin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Duniya da aka fara kafawa a Mexico. Kungiyar ta gudanar da nune-nunen ayyukansu kuma ta buga rubutun 'Long Live Degenerate Art!" (Yahya al-Fann al-Munhatt) a matsayin martani ga farfagandar Nazi da haɓaka fascism. Hotunan da ta yi a wannan lokacin suna da tasirin surrealism. Hotunan da ta yi na farko sun binciki jigogi na surrealist, sau da yawa suna nuna wurare masu ban sha'awa, hotuna na mafarki, da tashin hankali na tunanin mutum wanda ke nuna damuwa da jinsi da aji. Daga baya ta tuna cewa mutane sun yi mamakin zane-zanenta kuma sun yi mamaye "me ya sa yarinya daga iyali mai arziki ta sha wahala sosai". Har ila yau, wallafe-wallafen Art and Freedom Group sun rinjayi Aflatoun, musamman rubuce-rubucen Albert Cossery da Georges Henein. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen rukuni guda biyu kafin sha'awarta ta sauya zuwa salon da ya fi dacewa don ƙirƙirar ƙarin sharhin zamantakewa. Ta daina zanen daga 1946 zuwa 1948, tana la'akari da cewa abin da take zanen ba ya dace da yadda take ji. Har ila yau, a cikin 1948, Aflatoun ya auri Muhammed Abdul Elija, ko Hamdi, wanda ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma mai gabatar da kara wanda ya fito ne daga iyali matalauta. Daga baya aka sabunta sha'awarta bayan ziyarar Luxor, Nubia, da kuma oasis na Masar. A lokacin wadannan tafiye-tafiye, ta sami damar "tsayawa cikin gidaje da zane maza da mata a wurin aiki". Ta yi karatu na shekara guda tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Switzerland Margo Veillon kuma ta halarci bita da ɗan wasan Hammad Abdullah ya yi. Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin sun fi yawa, suna nuna kungiyoyi ko hotuna, sau da yawa na masu aiki, kuma sau da yawa tana amfani da inuwa mai ƙarfi don bayyana bambancin da hasken rana ta Masar ta haifar. A wannan lokacin, ta yi nune-nunen solo a Alkahira da Alexandria kuma ta nuna a Venice Biennale a 1952 da kuma São Paulo Art Biennial a 1956. A shekara ta 1956 ta sadu kuma ta zama abokiyar mai zane-zane na Mexico David Alfaro Siqueiros . A ƙarshen shekarun 1940 da 1950, aikin Aflatoun yana da bashi ga gaskiyar zamantakewar jama'a na muralism na Mexico. Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan batutuwan zamantakewa, musamman mata da batutuwan da suka shafi mata, musamman rashin hakkinsu da kariya ta shari'a.

Zane da ɗaurin kurkuku

Ta sami damar ci gaba da zanen a lokacin da aka tsare ta. Har ma kafin a kama ta kanta, duka surukinta, Ismail Sabri Abdullah, [1] da mijinta sun kasance, tare da an saki mijinta kuma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba. [2] Ta shiga ɓoye kanta amma daga ƙarshe an kama ta kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 26 na farko a Misira da suka zama fursunonin siyasa.[2] Ita da sauran fursunonin siyasa ba su san tsawon lokacin da za a ɗaure su ba kuma ta gaya wa sauran kada su makale a kan 'yanci.[1] Daraktan gidan yarin, Hassan al-Kurdi, yana son zane kuma sau da yawa yakan shiga tattaunawa game da fasaharsa da Aflatoun.[3] A lokacin da aka kama ta, an ba ta lambar yabo ta farko don gasar zane-zane da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Bayanai ta tallafawa.[4] Tallafin kyautar ya kasance mai fa'ida a gare ta wajen samun izini daga darektan gidan yarin don fenti.[1] Ta yi jayayya cewa idan ta iya zanen zai iya sayar da aikinta don amfanin kurkuku.[5] Ayyukanta ba su da kyau kuma zane-zanen ta ba su sayar ba, amma ta ce ita da fursunoni za su sayi su.[5] 'Yar'uwarta, ta yi kira ga Inji kuma ta sami izinin yin fenti da kayan aiki mafi kyau kafin a ɗaure ta. [3][5] Hotunan kurkuku na farko hotuna ne, amma bayan shekaru biyu nan da nan ta gano cewa ba za ta iya ci gaba da zanen waɗancan batutuwa da kuma gaskiyar da aka nuna ba.[5] Duk da yake daga baya sune shimfidar wurare galibi na bishiyoyi, musamman wanda za ta iya gani daga taga wanda fursunoni suka dauka don kiran itacen Inji. [6][5] Ta kuma zana jiragen ruwa kuma an ba ta izinin zuwa dakin wanki don ganin su da kyau.[5] Ta kuma kafa dangantaka da Abbas Qutb, Janar Manajan yankin ta na kurkuku.[7] Zai dauki wasu ayyukanta don gidansa, yana tara tarin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, kuma zai yi mata alheri kamar kasancewa mai laushi da barin tantanin ajiya a buɗe.[7] Tare da wannan ta kuma sami damar samun taimakon wasu masu gadi don fitar da wasu zane-zanenta ta hanyar lullube su a jikin su.[2] Ta ci gaba da zanen yayin da take kurkuku kuma an sake ta a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1963.

Bayan an sake ta, an rushe jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Masar, ta ba da mafi yawan lokacinta ga zanen. Daga baya ta bayyana cewa: "Nasser, kodayake ya sanya ni a kurkuku, ya kasance mai kishin kasa ne mai kyau. " Tasirin kasancewa a kurkuku ya ci gaba da zanen ta bayan an sake ta, inda ta sami ƙarin sha'awar haske, wanda ya haifar da hanyar da haske ta zo ta hanyar sandunanta. A cikin shekaru bayan 'yancinta, ta nuna a Roma da Paris a 1967, Dresden, East Berlin, Warsaw da Moscow a 1970, Sofia a 1974, Prague a 1975, New Delhi a 1979. Hotunan ta suna cike da "ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira mai launi mai ƙarfi" wanda ke tunatar da wasu masu kallo na Van Gogh ko Bonnard. Ayyukanta na shekaru masu zuwa ana nuna su ta hanyar karuwar amfani da manyan fararen sarari a kusa da siffofinta. Ana nuna tarin ayyukanta a Fadar Amir Taz a Alkahira. Wani tarin ayyukanta an nuna shi a Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Barjeel a Sharjah . A shekara ta 1985 ta rubuta labaru daga rayuwarta da ke rufewa daga yarinta zuwa ƙarshen lokacin da take kurkuku wanda daga baya za a juya shi cikin tarihinta.

Nuni

Ayyukan Aflatoun sun sami karbuwa ta duniya ta hanyar nune-nunen a Venice Biennale (1952), São Paulo Biennial (1953), da Alexandria Biennial (1958). Ta kuma gudanar da nune-nunen solo a biranen kamar Alkahira, Roma, da Paris, kuma ana ci gaba da nuna ayyukanta a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa, gami da Mathaf: Gidan Tarihin Larabawa na zamani (2015-2016) da Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Washington, DC (1994).

An kirkiro jerin White Light (al-daw' al-abyad) a cikin shekarun 1970s, wanda ya nuna babban canji a cikin salon gani. Wadannan ayyukan sun nuna siffofin da ba a haɗa su ba, filaments masu launi, da wuraren zane da ba a fentin su ba, suna ba da ra'ayi na haske daga ciki. Masu sukar sun lura da yadda fararen zane da kansa ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci, yana ba da damar harshen gani na buɗewa da numfashi. A cewar Efflatoun, wannan amfani da fari ya ba da damar zane-zane "don numfashi" kuma ya jaddada motsi.

A cikin 2015, an sake gabatar da White Light ga masu sauraro na duniya a cikin Venice Biennale wanda Okwui Enwezor ya tsara a ƙarƙashin taken "Dukan Makomar Duniya. " Shigarwa ta haɗa ayyukanta masu haske tare da zane-zanen kurkuku na baya, yana nuna tashin hankali tsakanin duhu da haske a duk faɗin aikinta.

Kyauta

Ayyukanta na zane-zane "Ba za mu manta ba" an ba da kyautar ga Jami'ar Alkahira ta hanyar mai zane-zane kuma ɗalibai sun kwafe shi a cikin takardun zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma hotunan kafin ma'aikatan jami'a su cire fasahar. Ayyukan Aflatoun suna nunawa a manyan gidajen tarihi a Alkahira tun daga shekarun 1970s. Sunanta ya kai ga masu fasaha da masu ilimi kuma galibi ana daukar ta a matsayin "mai fafutukar siyasa wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane". Fasaharta ta ci gaba da yin tasiri a cikin maganganun Masar na zamani. Jigogi daga zane-zanen ta, kamar Dinshaway Massacre, an yi amfani da su dangane da abubuwan siyasa na zamani kamar mutuwar Khaled Saeed ta 2010.