Injiniyan gine-gine
 Injiniyan gine-gine | |
|---|---|
sana'a, occupation group according to ISCO-08 (en)  da academic degree (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | injiniya da engineering professionals (excluding electrotechnology) (en) |
| Field of this occupation (en) | civil engineering (en) da ginawa |
| Relevant qualification (en) | Chartered Engineer (en) da Incorporated Engineer (en) |
| ISCO-08 occupation class (en) | 2142 |
| ISCO-88 occupation class (en) | 2142 |
Injiniyan gine-gine mutum ne wanda ke yin aikin injiniyan gine-gine - amfani da tsare-tsare, ƙira, gini, kulawa, da kuma gudanar da ababen more rayuwa yayin da yake kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, da kuma inganta ababen more rayuwa da ake da su waɗanda wataƙila an yi watsi da su.
Injiniyan farar hula yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin fannoni na injiniya saboda yana hulɗa da muhallin da aka gina [1] ciki har da tsarawa, tsarawa, da kuma kula da gini da kula da gine-gine, da wurare, kamar hanyoyi, layin dogo, filayen jirgin sama, gadoji, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tashoshi, madatsun ruwa, ayyukan ban ruwa, bututun mai, tashoshin wutar lantarki, da tsarin ruwa da najasa. [2]
John Smeaton ne ya kafa kalmar "injiniyar farar hula" a shekarar 1750 don kwatanta injiniyoyin da ke aiki a kan ayyukan farar hula da injiniyoyin soja, waɗanda ke aiki a kan makamai da kariya. A tsawon lokaci, an gane fannoni daban-daban na injiniyan farar hula [3] kuma yawancin injiniyan soja sun shagaltu da injiniyan farar hula. [4] Sauran ayyukan injiniya sun zama sanannun fannoni na injiniya masu zaman kansu, ciki har da injiniyan sinadarai, injiniyan injiniya, da injiniyan lantarki .
A wasu wurare, injiniyan gine-gine na iya yin binciken ƙasa ; a wasu kuma, binciken ƙasa yana iyakance ga binciken gini, sai dai idan an sami ƙarin cancanta.
Ƙwarewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injiniyoyin farar hula galibi suna aiki a wani takamaiman fanni, kamar injiniyan gini, injiniyan ƙasa, injiniyan gine-gine, haɓaka ƙasa, injiniyan sufuri, injiniyan ruwa, injiniyan tsafta, da injiniyan muhalli . Injiniyan gine-gine yana da alhakin tantance tsarin da ya dace da waɗannan gine-ginen da kuma kula da tsarin ginin ta yadda za a tabbatar da tsawon lokacin waɗannan gine-ginen bayan kammala su. Ya kamata waɗannan gine-ginen su zama masu gamsarwa ga jama'a dangane da jin daɗi. [5] Wasu injiniyoyi na gine-gine, musamman waɗanda ke aiki ga hukumomin gwamnati, na iya yin aiki a fannoni daban-daban na musamman, musamman idan suna cikin mahimman ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa ko gyara.
Yanayin aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injiniyoyin farar hula gabaɗaya suna aiki a wurare da yanayi daban-daban. Yawancin ayyukan injiniyan gine-gine suna mu'amala da waɗanda ba injiniyoyi ba ko wasu daga fannoni daban-daban na fasaha, don haka horo ya kamata ya ba da ƙwarewa wajen shirya injiniyoyin gine-gine na gaba a cikin dangantakar ƙungiya tsakanin ɓangarorin da ke aiki tare da ayyuka, farashi da lokaci. [6] Mutane da yawa suna ɓatar da lokaci a waje a wuraren gini domin su iya sa ido kan ayyukan ko magance matsaloli a wurin. [2] Aikin yawanci yana haɗuwa ne da aikin ofis da na wurin aiki, ya danganta da fifikon kowane injiniya. Yawancin injiniyoyi suna aiki cikakken lokaci. Yanayin aiki na iya bambanta sosai dangane da ƙwarewa, kamar injiniyan gini, sufuri, ko injiniyan ƙasa.
Ilimi da lasisi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A mafi yawan ƙasashe, injiniyan gine-gine zai kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare tare da digiri a fannin injiniyan gine-gine, wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mai ƙarfi a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar jiki ; wannan digiri yawanci digiri ne na farko, kodayake injiniyoyi da yawa suna ci gaba da karatu don samun digiri na biyu, injiniya, digiri na uku da digiri na uku . A ƙasashe da yawa, injiniyoyin farar hula suna ƙarƙashin lasisi . A wasu yankuna da ke da lasisin dole, mutanen da ba su sami lasisi ba ba za su iya kiran kansu "injiniyoyin farar hula" ba.
Belgium
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙasar Belgium, Injiniyan Gine-gine (wanda aka rage wa Ir. ) ( French , Dutch ) lakabi ne da doka ta kare shi wanda ya shafi waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na shekaru biyar na injiniya na ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i shida da kuma Kwalejin Soja ta Royal. Kwarewarsu na iya zama dukkan fannoni na injiniyanci: fannin farar hula, fannin gine-gine, fannin lantarki, fannin injiniya, fannin sinadarai, fannin kimiyyar lissafi har ma da kimiyyar kwamfuta . [7] Wannan amfani da taken na iya haifar da rudani ga mai magana da Ingilishi domin injiniyan "farar hula" na Belgium zai iya samun ƙwarewa daban da injiniyan farar hula. A gaskiya ma, 'yan Belgium suna amfani da kalmar "farar hula" a ma'anar "farar hula", sabanin injiniyoyin soja.
Kafa injiniyan farar hula yana da tushe mai ƙarfi na lissafi da kimiyya kuma ya fi dacewa da ka'idoji fiye da injiniyan masana'antu mai himma ( Ing. ) wanda ya yi karatu a cikin shirin shekaru biyar a wani kwalejoji na fasaha . A al'ada, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su ci jarrabawar shiga a fannin lissafi don fara karatun injiniyanci. An soke wannan jarrabawar a shekarar 2004 ga Al'ummar Flemish, amma har yanzu ana shirya ta a cikin Al'ummar Faransa .
Scandinavia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ƙasashen Scandinavia, " injiniyan farar hula " ( civilingenjör a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden; sivilingeniør a cikin Yaren mutanen Norway; civilingeniør a cikin harshen Danish) digiri ne na farko na ƙwarewa, kusan daidai yake da digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a Injiniya, kuma takardar shaidar kariya ce da aka bai wa ɗalibai daga wasu cibiyoyi na fasaha . Kamar yadda yake a Turanci, kalmar ta samo asali ne daga bambancin da ke tsakanin injiniyoyin farar hula da na soja; kafin farkon karni na 19, injiniyoyin soja ne kawai suka wanzu, kuma kalmar "civil" hanya ce ta raba waɗanda suka yi karatun injiniya a jami'a ta yau da kullun da takwarorinsu na soja. A yau, digirin ya shafi dukkan fannoni a fannin injiniyanci, ciki har da injiniyan farar hula, injiniyan injiniya, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da injiniyan lantarki, da sauransu.
Gabaɗaya akwai ɗan bambanci tsakanin digirin Master of Science a Injiniyanci da digirin injiniyan farar hula na Scandinavia, shirin na biyu yana da kusanci da buƙatun masana'antar. Injiniyan gine-gine shi ne wanda aka fi sani a cikinsu; duk da haka, fannin ƙwarewa har yanzu ba a san shi ba ga yawancin jama'a. Wani babban bambanci shi ne darussa na wajibi a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, ba tare da la'akari da digirin masters da ya yi daidai ba, misali kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Ko da yake " injiniyan jami'a " ( högskoleingenjör, diplomingenjör, ko kuma mellaningenjör a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden; høgskoleingeniør a cikin Yaren mutanen Norway; diplomingeniør a cikin harshen Danish) kusan daidai yake da digirin farko na Kimiyya a Scandinavia, don zama "injiniyar farar hula" wanda sau da yawa yakan yi har zuwa shekara ɗaya na karatun da suka yi karo idan aka kwatanta da samun digirin farko. /M. Sc. haɗuwa. Wannan kuwa saboda tsarin ilimi mafi girma bai dace da tsarin kammala karatun digiri na duniya ba, domin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin digiri na ƙwararru . A yau (2009) wannan ya fara canzawa saboda tsarin Bologna .
civilingenjör Scandinavian A cikin ƙasashen duniya, za su yi amfani da taken "Master of Science in Engineering" kuma wani lokacin za su sanya zoben ajin injiniya. A Cibiyar Fasaha ta Norway (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Norway ce ), al'adar zoben NTH ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1914, kafin zoben ƙarfe na Kanada.
Sipaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙasar Spain, ana iya samun digirin injiniyanci bayan shekaru huɗu na karatu a fannoni daban-daban na lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, makanikai, da sauransu. Ana kiran digirin Grado en Ingeniería Civil . Karin karatu a makarantar digiri na biyu sun haɗa da digiri na biyu da na uku.
Kafin halin da ake ciki a yanzu, wato kafin aiwatar da Tsarin Bologna a shekarar 2010, ana iya samun digiri a fannin injiniyan gine-gine a Spain bayan shekaru uku zuwa shida na karatu kuma an raba shi zuwa manyan digiri biyu. A cikin shari'ar farko, ana kiran digirin da aka samu da Ingeniero Técnico de Obras Públicas ( ITOP ), wanda aka fassara shi a zahiri a matsayin "Injiniyan Ayyukan Jama'a" wanda aka samu bayan shekaru uku na karatu kuma yayi daidai da digirin farko na Injiniyan Gine-gine. A yanayi na biyu, ana kiran digirin ilimi Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (wanda galibi ake takaita shi zuwa Ingeniero de Caminos ko ICCP ), wanda a zahiri yana nufin "Injiniyan Hanyoyi, Canals da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa", kodayake injiniyoyin farar hula a Spain suna aiki a fannoni iri ɗaya kamar yadda injiniyoyin farar hula ke yi a wasu wurare. Wannan digirin yayi daidai da digirin Master of Civil Engineering kuma ana samunsa bayan shekaru biyar ko shida na karatu ya danganta da makarantar da ta ba shi takardar shaidar.
Ƙasar Ingila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Injiniyan farar hula mai hayar (wanda aka sani da takardar sheda ko ƙwararren injiniya a wasu ƙasashe) memba ne na Cibiyar Injiniyoyi na farar hula, kuma ya kuma ci jarrabawar zama memba. Duk da haka, injiniyan farar hula wanda ba shi da lasisi zai iya zama memba na Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Farar hula ko Cibiyar Masu Binciken Injiniya ta Farar hula. Bayanin "injiniyar gine-gine" ba a takaita shi ga membobin kowace ƙungiya ta musamman ba, kodayake "injiniyar gine-gine mai lasisi" ne.
Gabashin Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙasashe da yawa na Gabashin Turai, injiniyan farar hula ba ya wanzuwa a matsayin digiri ko sana'a daban-daban.[ana buƙatar hujja] amma ana yin nazarin ƙananan sana'o'insa daban-daban a cikin kwalejojin jami'o'i daban-daban kuma ana yin su a matsayin sana'o'i daban-daban, ko ana koyar da su a jami'o'in farar hula ko makarantun injiniyan soja. Har ma da makarantun gaba da sakandare da yawa na fasaha suna ba da digiri daban-daban ga kowane fanni na karatu. Yawanci karatu a fannin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ƙasa, injiniyan gine-gine da injiniyan birane yana bawa mutum damar samun digiri a fannin injiniyan gini . Injiniyan injiniya, injiniyan mota, injinan hydraulic har ma wani lokacin ƙarfe suna cikin fannoni a cikin digiri na "Injiniyar Inji". Kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan sarrafawa da injiniyan lantarki fannoni ne na digiri a injiniyan lantarki, yayin da tsaro, tsaro, injiniyan muhalli, sufuri, ilimin ruwa da yanayin yanayi suna cikin wani rukuni nasu, yawanci kowannensu yana da nasa digiri, ko dai a cikin jami'o'i daban-daban ko a makarantun fasaha.
Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Amurka, galibi ƙananan hukumomi, kamfanonin gine-gine, kamfanonin injiniya masu ba da shawara, kamfanonin gine-gine/injiniya, sojoji, gwamnatocin jihohi, da kuma gwamnatin tarayya ne ke ɗaukar ma'aikatan injiniyoyin gwamnati. Kowace jiha tana buƙatar injiniyoyin da ke ba da ayyukansu ga jama'a su sami lasisi daga gwamnati. Ana samun lasisi ta hanyar cika takamaiman buƙatun ilimi, jarrabawa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Takamaiman buƙatu sun bambanta dangane da jiha.
Yawanci, injiniyoyi masu lasisi dole ne su kammala karatunsu daga shirin injiniyanci na jami'a ko kwaleji wanda aka amince da shi ta ABET tare da aƙalla digiri na farko, sun ci jarrabawar Asali ta Injiniya (FE), sun sami shekaru da yawa na ƙwarewar injiniya a ƙarƙashin kulawar injiniya mai lasisi, sannan suka ci jarrabawar Ka'idoji da Ayyukan Injiniya . Bayan kammala waɗannan matakai da kuma bayar da lasisi daga hukumar jiha, injiniyoyi na iya amfani da taken "Injiniyan Ƙwararru" ko PE a cikin talla da takardu. Yawancin jihohi sun aiwatar da buƙatun ci gaba da ilimi na tilas don riƙe lasisi. [8]
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ASCE
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ASCE (Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Amurka) tana wakiltar mambobi sama da 150,000 na ƙwararrun injiniyan farar hula a duk duniya. [9] Mambobin ASCE dole ne su sami digiri na farko daga shirin injiniyan farar hula da aka amince da shi kuma su kasance ƙwararren injiniya mai lasisi ko kuma suna da ƙwarewar injiniya mai alhakin shekaru biyar. Yawancin injiniyoyin farar hula suna shiga wannan ƙungiya don samun sabbin labarai, ayyuka, da hanyoyi (kamar dorewa) da suka shafi injiniyan farar hula da kuma ba da gudummawar ƙwarewarsu da iliminsu ga sauran injiniyoyin farar hula da ɗaliban da suka sami digirin injiniyan farar hula.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "What is Civil Engineering?". Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- 1 2 "Civil Engineers". BLS.gov. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
- ↑ "Sub-disciplines of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering". Islamic University of Madinah: Faculty of Engineering. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ↑ Singh, Amarjit (January 2007). "Civil Engineering: Anachronism and Black Sheep". Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 133: 18–30. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:1(18).
- ↑ Jamal, Haseeb. "Importance of Civil Engineering and Application of Civil Engg. in the World". www.aboutcivil.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
- ↑ Faulkner, A. C.; Sargent, J. H.; Wearne, S. H. (June 1989). "Civil engineers' managerial roles and needs: report of survey". Construction Management and Economics. 7 (2): 155–174. doi:10.1080/01446198900000019. ISSN 0144-6193.
- ↑ "Faculté des Sciences Appliquées – Ingénieur Civil" (in Faransanci). University of Liège. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "study.com". - ↑ "About ASCE". www.asce.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-22.
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