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Internal resistance to apartheid

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Internal resistance to apartheid
political movement (mul) Fassara
Bayanai
Fuskar apartheid (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Afirka ta kudu
Kwanan wata 17 Disamba 1950
Lokacin farawa 1950
Lokacin gamawa 1994
In opposition to (en) Fassara apartheid (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 29°S 24°E / 29°S 24°E / -29; 24

Sassa daban-daban masu zaman kansu na al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu sun yi adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da ƙungiyoyin jama'a, tsayin daka, da Kamfen.[1] Matakin da aka dauka kan gwamnatin jam'iyyar NP mai mulkin ƙasar, tare da ƙaruwar keɓewar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki na Afirka ta Kudu, sun taka rawar gani wajen kai ga yin shawarwarin kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, wanda aka fara a hukumance a shekarar 1990 kuma ya kare da zaɓen farko na ƙabilu daban-daban na Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar duniya a shekarar 1994.[2][3]

Jam'iyyar NP ta amince da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a matsayin tsarin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu bayan nasarar da suka samu a babban zaɓen shekarar 1948.[4] Tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) ta kaddamar da Kamfen na Defiance na gwagwarmaya.[5] Zanga-zangar rashin biyayyar jama'a da suka biyo baya sun yi niyya kan dokar hana fita, da zartar da dokoki, da kuma "ƙananan nuna wariyar launin fata" a cikin wuraren jama'a.[6] Wasu zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata sun haifar da tarzoma mai yawa a Port Elizabeth da Gabashin London a cikin shekarar 1952, amma ba a yi amfani da lalata dukiya da gangan ba sai a shekarar 1959.[7][5] A waccan shekarar, fushin dokar zartar da dokoki da ka'idojin muhalli da aka ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci na manoma baƙaƙen fata ya haifar da jerin kone-kone da aka yi niyya ga shukar rake. su ANC, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu, da Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) sun kasance sun shagaltu da shirya yajin aikin ɗalibai da ƙauracewa aiki tsakanin shekarun 1959 da 1960.[8]

Yajin aikin jama'a da zanga-zangar ɗalibai sun ci gaba da zuwa cikin shekarar 1970s, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar rashin aikin yi ga baƙaƙen fata, rashin amincewa da Yaƙin kan iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma sabon Black Consciousness Movement.[9] Mummunan murkushe boren Soweto na shekarar 1976 ya haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi na bakar fata na zamani tare da ƙara karfafa karfin mayakan kungiyar ANC, uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK).[10][11] Daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 1987 MK sun kai jerin hare-haren bama-bamai masu nasara a kan cibiyoyin gwamnati, layin sufuri, tashoshin wutar lantarki, da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa. Sojoji na Afirka ta Kudu na yawan mayar da martani ta hanyar kai samame a gidajen ANC da ke makwabtaka da ƙasar.[12]

Jam’iyyar NP ta yi yunƙuri da dama na sake fasalin tsarin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, tun daga ƙuri’ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki ta 1983. Wannan ya gabatar da Majalisar Tricameral, wanda ya ba da izinin wakilcin majalisar wakilai na Launi da Indiyawa, amma ya ci gaba da hana 'yancin siyasa ga baƙar fata Afirka ta Kudu. Rikicin da ya haifar da sabon motsi na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na anti-apartheid da ƙungiyoyin al'umma waɗanda suka bayyana muradun su ta hanyar gaba na ƙasa a cikin siyasa, United Democratic Front (UDF). A lokaci guda, adawa tsakanin jam'iyyun ANC, PAC da Azaniya People's Organisation (AZAPO), runduna ta uku, ta rikiɗe zuwa tashin hankali na ɓangaranci yayin da ƙungiyoyin uku suka fafata domin samun tasiri.[13] Gwamnati ta yi amfani da damar ta ayyana dokar ta-ɓaci a shekarar 1986 tare da tsare dubban abokan hamayyarta na siyasa ba tare da shari'a ba.[14]

Tattaunawar sirri ta ɓangarorin biyu don kawo karshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ta fara ne a cikin shekarar 1987 yayin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar matsin lamba daga waje da yanayin tashin hankalin siyasa. An saki manyan jami'an ANC irin su Govan Mbeki da Walter Sisulu daga gidan yari tsakanin shekarun 1987 zuwa 1989, kuma a cikin shekarar 1990 an cire jam'iyyun ANC da PAC a matsayin haramtattun ƙungiyoyi da Shugaba FW de Klerk ya yi, kuma an sako Nelson Mandela daga kurkuku. A wannan shekarar, MK ta cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita buɗe wuta a hukumance tare da dakarun tsaron Afirka ta Kudu. An soke ƙarin dokokin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 1991, kuma an ci gaba da tattaunawar jam'iyyun har zuwa babban zaɓen farko na gwamnatin nuna launin fata da aka gudanar a watan Afrilu 1994.[15]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The Defiance Campaign". South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid Building Democracy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  2. ↑ du Toit, Pierre (2001). South Africa's Brittle Peace: The Problem of Post-Settlement Violence. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-0333779187.
  3. ↑ Powell, Jonathan (2015). Terrorists at the Table: Why Negotiating is the Only Way to Peace. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-1250069887.
  4. ↑ Ugorji, Basil (2012). From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa. Denver: Outskirts Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1432788353.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–210. ISBN 978-1850439936.
  6. ↑ Ottoway, Marina (1993). South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0815767152.
  7. ↑ Tom Lodge, "Action against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983–94", in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 213–30. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6.
  8. ↑ Lodge, Tim (2011). Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–34. ISBN 978-0192801852.
  9. ↑ Morton, Stephen (2013). States of Emergency: Colonialism, Literature and Law. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 94–96. ISBN 978-1846318498.
  10. ↑ Jacklyn Cock, Laurie Nathan (1989). War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa. New Africa Books. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-86486-115-3.
  11. ↑ Ottoway, Marina (1993). South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 978-0815767152.
  12. ↑ Minter, William (1994). Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 114–117. ISBN 978-1439216187.
  13. ↑ Mitchell, Thomas (2008). Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 194–196. ISBN 978-0313313578.
  14. ↑ Pandey, Satish Chandra (2006). International Terrorism and the Contemporary World. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, Publishers. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-8176256384.
  15. ↑ Myre, Greg (18 June 1991). "South Africa ends racial classifications". Southeast Missourian. Cape Girardeau. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
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