Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya Ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa
Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa Ga Mutane ( IFRC ) ƙungiya ce ta taimakon agaji a duniya da ke kaiwa ga mutane miliyan 160 kowace shekara ta hanyar 192 kungiyoyin na Duniya ta 192. .Tana aiki kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan bala'i da na gaggawa don biyan buƙatu da haɓaka rayuwar mutane masu rauni. Yana yin hakan ba tare da nuna wariya ba game da ƙasa, launin fata, jinsi, imanin addini, aji da ra'ayoyin siyasa.
IFRC wani bangare ne na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement tare da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross (ICRC) da kuma Nationalungiyoyin 192asa na 192. Thearfin IFRC ya ta'allaka ne da hanyar sadarwar sa kai, ƙwarewar al'umma da 'yanci da tsaka tsaki. Yana aiki don inganta ƙa'idodin agaji, a matsayin abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin ci gaba da kuma magance bala'i. Yana lallashe masu yanke shawara suyi aiki don bukatun mutane masu rauni. Yana aiki don ba da ƙarfi ga al'ummomin lafiya da aminci, rage lahani, ƙarfafa ƙarfi da haɓaka al'adun zaman lafiya a duniya.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kafata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1919, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, wakilai daga Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta liedasashen Allied Powers (Masarautar Ingila, Faransa, Italiya, Japan, da Amurka) sun hallara a Paris don kafa kungiyar Red Cross (LORCS) ) wanda burinta ya bayyana shine "karfafawa da hadin kai, don ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kungiyoyin da ke da kungiyar Red Cross da kuma inganta kirkirar sabbin Kungiyoyi". Henry P. Davison ne, wanda a lokacin shine shugaban kwamitin Red Cross na Amurka “Kwamitin Yaki”, da wannan shirin tare da goyon bayan Woodrow Wilson, Shugaban Amurka na Amurka. Janar David Benden ne ya taimaka wa Davison wanda ya zama Babban Darakta na farko. Wannan sabuwar tarayyar ta kirkiri kungiyar ta faɗaɗa aikin ƙasa da ƙasa na kungiyar Red Cross fiye da maƙasudin aikin Kwamitin Internationalungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya (ICRC) don haɗa da taimakon agaji dangane da abubuwan larurar da ba ta hanyar rikici ba. Baya ga daidaito na ayyukan agaji da bala'oi da bala'oi na gaggawa suka haifar, aikin ƙungiyar shi ne taimaka wa kuungiyoyin nasa da aka kafa da ci gaban su, musamman a lokacin zaman lafiya.
Baya ga bayar da taimako ga waɗanda annoba ta shafa, bala’o’i na ƙasa (girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa) da kuma yunwa, an haɓaka wasu ayyuka biyu a cikin shekarun farko na gasar. Kuma Babban aiki shine inganta kiwon lafiya ta hana cututtuka da haɓaka horon ma'aikatan jinya da masu sa kai. Sauran ayyukan shine ƙirƙirar iorananan Red Cross a cikin kungiyoyi duniya, waɗanda suka gabatar da yara da ɗalibai ga Red Cross tare da kwasa-kwasan ilimi daban-daban kuma ta saka su cikin ayyukan taimako na zahiri.
Kafa kungiyar, a matsayin ƙarin kungiyar Red Cross ta duniya tare da ICRC, ba tare da rikici ba. Kungiyar ta ICRC, a wani matakin, tana da matukar damuwa game da yiwuwar hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Tushen layin ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙoƙari na lalata matsayin jagoranci na ICRC a cikin kungiyar kuma don sauya ayyukan da ƙwarewar sannu-sannu zuwa ɗayan hukumomi. Kazalika, Davison ba ya son haɗawa da kungiyar na kasashe madu karfi waɗanda suka sha kaye, wato Jamus, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria da Turkey, wanda hakan ya saba wa ka'idar ICRC ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, farkon wasannin ya kasance mai sauri saboda ya ɗauki kwanaki 154 tsakanin yarda da Shugaba Wilson da haɗa shi. Wannan saurin samuwar ya tilasta Davison yanke hanya kuma ya bar maganganun da ba a warware su ba kamar bayyanannen tsarin doka da ayyukanta, ayyukanta da kuɗaɗen shiga.
An tattauna damuwa game da zaman tare tsakanin layin da ICRC a yayin Taro na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross sau uku a jere a shekarun (1921, 1923, 1926). Dokokin da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1928 a taron XIIIth na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross a Hague sun fayyace kuma sun tabbatar da matsayin kowace ƙungiya. [2] A cikin wannan shekarar, aka kafa "Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" don daidaita ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin ICRC da kungiyar, aikin da daga baya Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent suka karbe shi .
A cikin shekarata 1920, “Babban Kwamitin, wanda aka kirkireshi daga wakilan Allies masu nasara”, [3] maraba da ƙarin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa; 27 daga cikin al'ummomin membobi 31 an wakilta a cikin shekarata 1920. Kuma A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ƙungiyar ta karɓi ciungiyoyin 25asa na 25, gami da Red Crescent na Masar da Red Lion da Sun na Iran. [4] Bayan bin Dokokin Red Cross ta Duniya a cikin shekarata 1928 (wanda aka sake sabuntawa a shekarar 1952 da 1986, wanda aka yiwa kwaskwarima a 1995 da 2006), Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden da Norway) sun dawo cikin ƙungiyar bayan sun yi murabus shekaru uku da suka gabata saboda rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a cikin motsi na kungiyar Red Cross. [5] Kungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent na Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga ƙungiyar yayin taron Taron Duniya na XVth a cikin 1934. A tsakiyar shekarata 1930s, wasan ya zama gama gari na gaske, tare da registeredungiyoyin Kungiyoyin 58 masu rajista. [6]
Sakatariya a kan tafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hedikwatar kungiyar, mai suna sakatariya, an kafa ta ne da farko a Geneva. Lig ɗin ya ƙaura sakatariyarsa daga Geneva zuwa Paris a cikin shekarata 1922 tare da takaitaccen kasafin kuɗi da rage ma'aikata. Bukatar ƙaura daga ICRC don haɓaka haɓakar ƙungiyar ta ainihi wani ɓangare ne na yanke shawara. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, shekarata 1939, 'yan kwanaki bayan mamayar da sojojin Jamus suka yi wa Poland, an tura ma'aikatan gasar a Paris zuwa Geneva. Kungiyar ta yi imanin cewa za ta iya tabbatar da ci gaban aikinta daga ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki kamar Switzerland. Har wa yau, ofisoshin sakatariyar suna nan a Geneva, amma sai a 1959 ne sakatariyar ta koma hedkwatarta ta yanzu a Petit-Saconnex. [7]
Abinda Aka Cimma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin shekarun farko na gasar, aikin ya kasance mai tasiri sosai kuma ya ƙunshi yawancin rikodin bayanai da ƙididdigar da za a raba tare da Kungiyoyin Duniya. [8] Manufa ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta a kan yanayin yanayin wadanda suka kamu da cutar typhus a Poland, [9] da kuma ci gaba da yada bayanai zuwa ga kasashen da ke kewaye da su don hana yaduwar irin wadannan cututtukan. Aikin tallafi na farko da aka gabatar a gasar bayan girgizar kasa da aka yi a shekarata 1923 a Japan wanda ya kashe kusan mutane 200,000 kuma ya bar wasu da yawa da suka ji rauni kuma ba su da matsuguni. A karo na farko, Nationalungiyoyin Red Cross na 35asa ta 35 sun halarci aikin haɗin gwiwa na ICRC da ƙungiyar, wanda aka ba da kuɗin rikodin na franc Swiss miliyan 277. [10]
Lig ɗin ya fara bayar da buƙatun a cikin shekarata 1925 amma ba a ba da roko ba koyaushe don duk bala'i. A cikin shekarun 1920s da 1930s bala'in ya kasance ƙaramin aiki, a bayan lafiyar jama'a, jinya da ayyukan matasa. Kungiyoyi na Kasashe, tare da taimakon ƙungiyar a cikin shekarata 1920s, sun kasance a shirye mafi kyau don magance bala'i kuma saboda haka ba sa buƙatar taimako na waje. [11] Bugu da kari, Babban Tsananin ya haifar da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki a duk duniya, yana mai kiran kungiyar da ta sadaukar da kai sosai ga shirye-shiryen talauci.
Shekarun 1930s sun ga yadda ake amfani da mota, ci gaban kayan ababen hawa saboda haka ƙaruwar zirga-zirga da asarar rayuka. Ligin ya zama jagora a rigakafin taimakon farko don hatsarin hanya, ta hanyar kafa a 1932 Kwamiti na Dindindin kan Taimako na Farko kan Hanyoyi, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu motoci daban-daban. [12]
Yayin da duniya ke gab da zuwa wani yaƙin, ayyukan layin sun ragu sosai. Ko ta yaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar da ICRC ya ci gaba da haɓaka. Ligin ya ba da tallafi ga ICRC a ƙarshen 1930s, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Sifen da Yaƙin Sino-Japan na biyu, ta hanyar gabatar da ƙararraki da kafa wuraren rabon abinci da magunguna ga fararen hula. Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa, wanda ICRC ta kirkira a shekarata 1941, ya kafa umarnin hadin gwiwa da ICRC, yana tabbatar da ci gaba da ba da goyon baya ga kungiyoyi Ƙasashen Duniya cikin yaƙin da ke ta ƙaruwa. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kuma karawa kungiyoyin masu mazan kansu 'yanci kuma ta ba su damar ci gaba da ayyukansu na agaji na farar hula ba tare da haifar da saɓani da jayayya, jihohin da ke tsaka tsaki ba.
Bayan an kwashe shekaru shida ana hutu, kwamitin gwamnonin ya yi taronsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar shekarata 1945. Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya samar da sabon karfin motsawa ga gasar yayin da ta dawo da alakarta da kungiyoyin andasa kuma ta ba da taimako ga yankunan da yaƙi ya shafa.
A watan Disambar 1948 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gayyaci kungiyar Red Cross Societies, tare da ICRC da AFSC, don shiga cikin shirin agajin gaggawa na dala miliyan 32 da ke aiki tare da Falasdinawa 'yan gudun hijira. An ba League ɗin alhakin Lebanon, Syria da Jordan .
Biyo bayan mummunan yanayi da ya addabi wasu sassan duniya tsakanin shekarata 1951 da 1954, [13] ayyukan agaji na laliga sun fara aiki kuma ba su da cikakken bayani gaba ɗaya. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ƙungiyar ta ba da buƙatu da yawa kuma ta nuna ƙwarewa sosai a ayyukan agajin bala'i. A ƙarshen shekarata 1950s, an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin Crossungiyoyin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Casa na Red Crescent da aka sani saboda mulkin mallaka . [14] A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, akwai sama da al'ummomi 100 a duniya. [15] A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1963, gasar tare da ICRC tare suka karɓi kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya .
A shekarar 1983, kungiyar Red Cross ta ciungiyoyin an sauya mata suna "ofungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent" don nuna yawan reflectungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin operatingasa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin alamar Red Crescent. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ƙa'idodi bakwai masu mahimmanci na Harkar, kamar yadda aka karɓa a taron XXth na Duniya na Red Cross a 1965, an haɗa su cikin ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar. Sunan ƙungiyar ya sake canzawa yayin Babban Taron na 1991 zuwa aikin da yake a yanzu na yanzu "kungiyar nada Redasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Society" (IFRC). A cikin 1997, ICRC da IFRC sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Seville wanda ya kara bayyana ayyukan kungiyoyin biyu a cikin Harkar.
Har zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s duk ayyukan agaji an amsa su a matsayin Tarayya ɗaya a cikin tsari da yawa. An yi amfani da al'ummomin kasa masu ba da gudummawa don ba da tallafi ta Sakatariyar Tarayya, tare da kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam don tallafa wa Tarayyar don magance bala'i a ƙarƙashin daidaitawa da jagorancin Sakatariyar Tarayyar. Mayar da hankali a wancan lokacin ta kasance ne daga ƙungiya ɗaya, tare da manufa ɗaya, manufa ɗaya don tallafawa 'yar'uwar jan giciye ko kuma jinjirin wata jamaa da bala'i ya shafa.
Guguwar Mitch ta shafi ƙasashe kaɗan a Amurka ta Tsakiya a 1998. Za a iya ɗaukar ƙoƙarin agaji na bala'i ɗayan ayyukan magance bala'i wanda ya canza yanayin sassaucin ra'ayi tsakanin membobin Tarayyar Duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hulɗar da juna ya zama sabon ƙa'ida, kuma rage yawan jan gicciye daga ƙasashe masu arziki da ke amsa bala'i da faɗaɗa ayyukan ci gaba suna ci gaba da haɓaka a cikin shekarun 2000s, gami da ƙaruwar al'ummomin jajayen jinjirin da ke aiki a duniya.
A cikin 2004, IFRC ta fara aikinta mafi girma har zuwa yau bayan bala'in tsunami a Kudancin Asiya . Fiye da Nationalungiyoyin 40asashe 40 sun yi aiki tare da masu ba da agaji sama da 22,000 don kawo agaji ga dimbin waɗanda abin ya shafa da aka bar su ba tare da abinci da wurin kwana ba kuma suna cikin haɗarin annoba.
Dabarun 2020 jagoranta - shirin gama kai na IFRC don tunkarar manyan matsalolin agaji da ci gaban wannan shekaru goma - IFRC ta himmatu wajen ceton rayuka da sauya tunani .
Ayyuka masu nauyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
IFRC tana daidaita tsakanin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Red Crescent a duk faɗin duniya. IFRC tare da ICRC suna tallafawa kafuwar sabbin Soungiyoyin Nationalasa a cikin ƙasashen da babu wata hukuma ta hukuma. Kungiyar duniya ta karɓi memba a cikin IFRC kawai bayan ICRC ta amince da ita. IFRC tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyin kasashen da abin ya shafa - da ake kira Hostungiyar Nationalasa ta Hostungiyar (HNS) - da Soungiyoyin ofasashe na wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke son bayar da taimako - wanda ake kira kungiyar kasashe (PNS). Daga cikin taron ƙasashen duniya na 190 da aka shigar da su ga Babban Taron IFRC a matsayin cikakkun membobi ko masu sa ido, kimanin 25-30 suna aiki a kai a kai kamar PNS a wasu ƙasashe. Wadanda suka fi aiki sune kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka, da Red Cross ta Burtaniya, da Red Cross ta Jamus, da kuma kungiyar Red Cross ta Sweden da Norway . Wani babban aiki na IFRC wanda ya sami kulawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shine jajircewarta don yin aiki da daidaitaccen tsari, hana amfani da ma'adinai a duniya da kuma kawo taimakon likita, halayyar mutum, da na zamantakewar jama'a ga mutanen da ma'adinan ƙasa suka ji rauni.
Ayyukan da aka bayyana na IFRC za'a iya taƙaita su kamar haka:
- don inganta ka'idodin jin kai da dabi'u
- don tallafawa Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa
- don tallafawa ayyukan inda ake samun kuɗi
Red Cross Red Crescent ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwar jin kai a duniya tare da:
- Kusan masu aikin sa kai miliyan 11.6
- Fiye da ma'aikata 473,000 da aka biya
- Fiye da Redungiyar Red Cross da Red Crescent sama da 165,000 fiye da rassa / rassa
- Mutane miliyan 19.4 da suka ba da gudummawar jini ga hidimomin jini na Societyungiyar Jama'a a duk duniya
- Fiye da mutane miliyan 11 suka sami horo a Taimakon Farko ta byungiyoyin Nationalasa
- Fiye da mutane miliyan 106.5 suka isa ta Sabis na Tsawon Lokaci da Ci Gaban Shirye-shirye
- Fiye da miliyan 49.5 suka isa cikin 2016 ta hanyar amsar bala'i da dawo da shirye-shirye da wuri
- Jimlar kudin shiga sama da biliyan 23.4 na Switzerland a cikin 2016, tare da jimlar kashe-kashe sun wuce biliyan 23.1 na Switzerland
Kungiyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
IFRC tana da sakatariya a Geneva . Hakanan yana da ofisoshin yankuna biyar da ofisoshi da yawa na ƙasashe da yawa a duk duniya. Babban sakataren shi ne Jagan Chapagain (Nepal). [16] IFRC tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakan shugaban kasa guda hudu, shugaban hukumar kudi da wakilan kungiyar Kasa ta 20. Mafi girman ƙungiyar IFRC ita ce Babban Taron wanda ke taruwa kowace shekara biyu tare da wakilai daga dukkanin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa. Daga cikin sauran ayyuka, Babban Taron yana zaɓar shugaban ƙasa. Shugaban IFRC na yanzu shi ne Francesco Rocca, wanda shi ma ya cika matsayin shugaban kungiyar Red Cross ta Italiya .
Shugabannin Tarayya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
As of 2017[update], the president of the IFRC is Francesco Rocca (Italian Red Cross). The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber-Hotz (Swiss Red Cross), Miguel Villarroel (Venezuela Red Cross), Abdoul Azize Diallo (Senegalese Red Cross Society), Kerem Kinik (Turkish Red Crescent), Chen Zhu (Red Cross Society of China).
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Kudade da batun su[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
IFRC ana daukar nauyinta ne ta hanyar gudummawar da doka ta ba ta daga Soungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin Jama'a, isar da sabis na filin ga abokan shirin, da kuma gudummawar son rai daga masu ba da taimako kamar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da daidaikun mutane. Sharuɗɗan gudummawar doka na kowace Societyungiyar areasa an kafa ta ta Hukumar Kuɗi kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita. Fundingarin kuɗi, musamman don ayyukan agaji ba da tsammani, ana ɗaukaka su ta hanyar kiran gaggawa. Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, Shugaban Hukumar Kudi ya kasance Mista Chrystold Chetty (Seychelles) da Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar ita ce Ms Kathryn Forbes (Amurka). Daga 2016, Shugaba shine Mista Abdulkader Husrieh. An zabi Ms Kathryn Forbes a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin binciken kudi da Hadari yayin da aka zabi Mista Chrystold Chetty a matsayin mamba a Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent.
Alamar taken da sanarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamar IFRC haɗuwa ce ta jan giciye da kuma jinjirin wata mai launin fari a bango na fari, wanda ke kewaye da jan madaidaicin kusurwa ba tare da ƙarin rubutu ba. Jan gicciye, asalin alama ce ta Harkar, yana hagu yayin da jinjirin jaririn ya bayyana zuwa dama. Per Humanitatem ad Pacem shine taken farko na IFRC (Mataki na 1 na Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya). Bayanin manufa na IFRC, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin "Dabarar 2010" ita ce inganta rayuwar mutane masu rauni ta hanyar tattara ikon dan Adam . Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, taken da ake yi na dukkan ayyukan Harka na Kasa da Kasa shine Ikon ofan Adam . A watan Disambar 2003, taron kasa da kasa karo na 28 a Geneva ya zartar da taken taron Kare Mutuncin Dan Adam a matsayin sabon take ga dukkanin Harkar.
Alamar hukuma ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement da aka buga a watan Afrilu 2016 an bayyana shi a matsayin jar giciye da alamun alam masu launin jan an haɗa su gefe ɗaya, kewaye da kalmomin "INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT" a ɗayan ko wasu daga cikin yarukan hukuma (Larabci), Sinanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Rashanci ko Sifen). An bayyana shi don amfani lokacin da ICRC, Federationungiyar ofasa ta ofasa ta Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent da Redungiyar Crossasa ta Crossasa da Redungiyoyin Cungiyar Crescent suna aiki tare don dalilai na gaggawa na jin kai, ko jigo ko kamfen na damuwar duniya.
Ka'idodin Asali guda bakwai waɗanda ke jagorantar aikin IFRC da membobinta sune: ɗan adam, rashin nuna bambanci, tsaka tsaki, 'yancin kai, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da kuma gama gari.
Dangantaka tsakanin Kungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Red Crescent Movement[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
IFRC ta shiga rikici da ICRC a lokuta daban-daban, da farko kuma lokacin da kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka ta yi barazanar maye gurbin ICRC tare da kirkirar kungiyar a matsayin "ainihin Red Cross ta duniya" bayan yakin duniya na farko . [17] Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa game da matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun taimaka wajen daidaita dangantaka, farawa da yarjejeniyar 1928, Yarjejeniyar Seville ta 1997 kuma kwanan nan thearin Mearin na 2005. Yarjejeniyar Seville ta ba IFRC jagora a duk wani yanayin gaggawa wanda ba ya faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikice-rikicen yaƙi (wanda a cikin haka ICRC ke ɗaukar nauyi). Rikicin kungiya yanzu ya ragu. [18]
Bayani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - rukunin yanar gizo
- International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - shafin hukuma
- Crossungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Movementungiyar Cungiyar Red Crescent
- ↑ "Independent Auditors' Report" (PDF). media.ifrc.org. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-26. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
- ↑ Haug, Hans (1993).
- ↑ Reid, Daphne & Gilbo, Patrick (1997).
- ↑ Haug, op. cit., pp. 633–644
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p.86
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., pp. 83–92
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p. 194
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p.66
- ↑ Haug, op. cit., p.353
- ↑ Haug, op. cit., p. 353
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p. 92
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p. 102
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., pp. 140, 166–167
- ↑ Reid & Gilbo, op. cit., p.179
- ↑ Haug, op. cit., p.633-645
- ↑ IFRC: Who We Are: The Secretary General.
- ↑ Andre Durand, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, Geneva: ICRC, 1984, p. 147.
- ↑ David P. Forsythe: The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross.