Irena Sendler
Irena Stanisława Sendler [lower-alpha 1] ( née Krzyżanowska ; [lower-alpha 2] Fabrairu 15, 1910 – 12 ga Mayu 2008), tana aiki a ƙarƙashin sunan Jolanta, ma'aikaciyar agaji ce ta Poland, ma'aikaciyar jin kai, kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Poland wacce ta yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Warsaw da Jamus ta mamaye . Daga Oktoba 1943 ta kasance shugabar sashin yara na Żegota, [1] Majalisar Taimakon Yahudawa ta Poland (Yaren Polish: ).
A shekarun 1930, Sendler ta gudanar da ayyukanta na zamantakewa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Free Polish . Daga 1935 zuwa Oktoba 1943, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Jin Daɗin Jama'a da Lafiyar Jama'a ta Birnin Warsaw. A lokacin yaƙin, ta ci gaba da ayyukan makirci, kamar ceto Yahudawa, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar sadarwa ta ma'aikata da masu sa kai daga wannan sashen, galibi mata. Sendler ta shiga, tare da wasu da dama, wajen safarar yaran Yahudawa daga Warsaw Ghetto sannan ta ba su takardun shaidar karya da kuma matsuguni tare da iyalan Poland da suka yarda da su ko kuma a gidajen marayu da sauran wuraren kulawa, gami da gidajen ibada na Katolika, inda ta ceci waɗannan yaran daga kisan kiyashin Holocaust . [2]
'Yan mamaya na Jamus sun yi zargin cewa Sendler ta shiga cikin jirgin karkashin kasa na Poland, kuma a watan Oktoban 1943, 'yan sandan Jamus suka kama ta, amma ta sami nasarar ɓoye jerin sunayen yaran Yahudawa da aka ceto, wanda hakan ya hana wannan bayanin ya faɗa hannun 'yan sandan Jamus. Duk da azabtarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku, Sendler ba ta taɓa bayyana komai game da aikinta ko wurin da yaran da aka ceto suke ba. An yanke mata hukuncin kisa amma ta tsira da kyar a ranar da aka tsara za ta kashe su, bayan da Żgota ya bai wa jami'an Jamus cin hanci don a sake ta.
A ƙasar Poland bayan yaƙin gurguzu, Sendler ta ci gaba da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, amma kuma ta ci gaba da aikin gwamnati. A shekarar 1965, ƙasar Isra'ila ta amince da ita a matsayin Mai adalci a Tsakanin Al'ummai . Daga cikin kayan ado da Sendler ta samu akwai Zinare Cross of Merit da aka ba ta a shekarar 1946 don ceton Yahudawa da kuma Order of the White Eagle, babbar lambar yabo ta Poland, wadda aka ba ta a ƙarshen rayuwar Sendler saboda ƙoƙarinta na jin kai na lokacin yaƙi. [lower-alpha 3]
Tarihin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An haifi Sendler a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1910 a Warsaw, [1] ga Stanisław Henryk Krzyżanowski, likita, da matarsa, Janina Karolina (née Grzybowska). [2] An yi mata baftisma Irena Stanisława a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1917 a Otwock . [3] Da farko ta girma a Otwock, wani gari mai nisan 15 miles (24 km) kudu maso gabashin Warsaw, inda akwai al'ummar Yahudawa. [4] Mahaifinta, mai taimakon jama'a wanda ke kula da talakawa, ciki har da Yahudawa, kyauta, [5] ya mutu a watan Fabrairun 1917 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar typhus daga marasa lafiyarsa. [6] Bayan mutuwarsa, al'ummar Yahudawa ta ba da taimakon kuɗi ga bazawara da 'yarta, kodayake Janina Krzyżanowska ta ƙi taimakonsu. [2] [7] Bayan haka ta zauna a Tarczyn [8] da Piotrków Trybunalski .
Daga 1927, Sendler ta yi karatun lauya na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan ta yi karatun adabin Poland a Jami'ar Warsaw, inda ta katse karatunta na tsawon shekaru da dama daga 1932 zuwa 1937. [7] Ta yi adawa da tsarin benci na ghetto da ake yi a shekarun 1930 a cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa na Poland (daga 1937 a Jami'ar Warsaw) kuma ta lalata shaidar "ba Yahudawa ba" a kan katin maki. Ta ba da rahoton cewa ta sha wahala daga matakan ladabtarwa na ilimi saboda ayyukanta da kuma sunanta a matsayin kwaminisanci da falsafar Yahudawa . A lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta gabatar da takardar digirinta na majister, amma ba ta yi jarrabawar ƙarshe ba. [8] Sendler ta shiga Union of Polish Democratic Youth ( Związek Polskiej Młodzieży Demokratycznej ) a 1928; a lokacin yaƙin ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Poland (PPS). [8] An yi ta ƙin ɗaukarta aiki a makarantar Warsaw sau da yawa saboda shawarwarin da jami'ar ta bayar marasa kyau, waɗanda suka nuna mata ra'ayin ' yan hagu . [9]
Sendler ta fara alaƙa da sassan zamantakewa da ilimi na Jami'ar Free Polish University ( Wolna Wszechnica Polska ), inda ta haɗu kuma masu fafutuka daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta haramtacciyar Poland suka rinjayi ta. A Wszechnica, Sendler ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan zamantakewa waɗanda Farfesa Helena Radlińska ke jagoranta; mata goma sha biyu ko fiye daga wannan da'irar za su shiga cikin ceton Yahudawa daga baya. Daga hirarrakinta na zamantakewa a wurin, Sendler ta tuna da yawancin lamuran talauci da ta fuskanta a tsakanin Yahudawan Warsaw.
An yi aiki da Sendler a wani asibitin ba da shawara kan shari'a da taimakon zamantakewa, Sashen Taimakon Iyaye da Yara a Kwamitin Jama'a don Taimaka wa Marasa Aikin Yi. Ta buga takardu biyu a shekarar 1934, dukkansu sun shafi yanayin yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba da kuma uwayensu. Ta yi aiki galibi a fannin, tana ratsa unguwannin Warsaw da ke fama da talauci, kuma abokan cinikinta mata ne marasa taimako, marasa galihu a zamantakewa. A shekarar 1935, gwamnati ta soke sashen. Yawancin membobinta sun zama ma'aikatan Birnin Warsaw, ciki har da Sendler a Ma'aikatar Jin Dadin Jama'a da Lafiyar Jama'a.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ pl. In accordance with Polish naming customs, her last name is sometimes rendered Sendlerowa pl.
- ↑ pl.
- ↑ Sendler was one of the first Poles recognized as Righteous Among the Nations due to the efforts of Jonas Turkow, who stated for a Polish language periodical in Israel: "This noble woman ... worked for Żegota and saved hundreds of Jewish children, placing them in orphanages, convents and other places".[3] The number of Jewish children saved through Sendler's efforts is not known. The Social Welfare Department of the Central Committee of Polish Jews stated in January 1947 that Sendler saved at least several dozen Jewish children.[4] Later in her life, Sendler repeatedly claimed that she had saved 2,500 Jewish children. When Michał Głowiński, who as a child survived the war with Sendler's help, was working on his book The Black Seasons in the late 1990s, Sendler insisted that he write about the 2,500 children she saved. As Głowiński later told Anna Bikont, he felt obliged to comply because "one cannot refuse Sendler". Sendler often spoke of the list of 2,500 children she produced, kept in two bottles and gave to Adolf Berman, but no such list has ever materialized and Berman never mentioned its existence.[5] For the first time she talked about the list and the 2,500 saved children (and adults) in 1979; back then, however, she did not suggest that she was personally responsible for their survival and named twenty-four people also involved in their rescue.[6]
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- ↑ Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust, Ktav Publishing House (January 1993), ISBN 0-88125-376-6
- ↑ "Rethinking the Polish Underground". Yeshiva University News. 2 July 2015.
- ↑ Bikont, Sendlerowa, pp. 13–14
- ↑ Bikont, Sendlerowa, p. 287
- ↑ Bikont, Sendlerowa, pp. 403–407
- ↑ Bikont, Sendlerowa, pp. 399–401
- ↑ "Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci". sprawiedliwi.org.pl (in Harshen Polan). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
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