Iroquoian languages
| Iroquoian languages | |
|---|---|
| Linguistic classification |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | iro |
| Glottolog | iroq1247[1] |
Harsunan Iroquoian (en, ih-rə-KWOY-ən) ko yarukan Ogintenweh [2] iyali ne na harshe na 'Yan asalin Arewacin Amurka. An san su da rashin sautin baki. Harsunan Iroquoian sune polysynthetic da alamar kai.[3]
Ya zuwa 2020, kusan dukkanin harsunan Iroquoian da suka tsira Yana cikin haɗari sosai ko haɗari sosai, tare da wasu harsuna suna da 'yan tsofaffi masu magana da suka rage. Harsuna biyu da suka fi yawan masu magana, Mohawk (Kenien'kéha) a New York da Kanada, da Cherokee a Oklahoma da North Carolina, kasa da kashi 10% na yawan mutanen kasashensu ne ke magana.[4][5]
Rarrabawar iyali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]† - harshen da ya ƙare / ya yi barci
Shaida tana fitowa cewa abin da ake kira harshen Laurentian ya zama fiye da yare ɗaya ko yare.[6] Ayyukan Ethnographic da harshe tare da dattawan kabilar Wyandot (Barbeau 1960) sun samar da isasshen takardu ga malamai don bayyanawa da rarraba yarukan Wyandot da Petun.
Harsunan kabilun da suka kafa karamin Wenrohronon, mai iko Conestoga Confederacy da ƙungiyoyin Neutral Nation da Erie Nation ba su da kyau a rubuce a cikin bugawa.[lower-alpha 1] Wyandot suna magana ne game da mutanen Neutral kamar Atiwandaronk, ma'ana 'waɗanda suka fahimci yaren'. Wenro da Neutral suna da tarihi tare, kuma a cikin ƙasa yankin Wenro a ƙarshen gabashin Tafkin Erie ya sanya su tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyi. A gabashin Wenro, bayan Genesee Gorge, ƙasashen Haudenosaunee Confederacy ne. A kudu maso gabas, bayan manyan ruwa na Kogin Allegheny, ya kasance Conestoga (Susquehannock). Conestoga Confederacy da Erie sun kasance masu iko a fannin soja kuma kabilun makwabta suna girmama su. A shekara ta 1660 duk waɗannan mutane sai dai Conestoga Confederacy da Haudenosaunee Confederacy an ci su kuma sun warwatse, suna ƙaura don kafa sababbin kabilun ko karɓar su cikin wasu. Mutanen Iroquoian suna da al'ada na karɓar abokan gaba masu ƙarfin zuciya a cikin ƙabilar; sun kuma karɓi mata da yara da aka kama don maye gurbin waɗanda suka mutu.
Dangantaka ta waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kokarin haɗa yarukan Iroquoian, Siouan, da Caddoan a cikin dangin Macro-Siouan suna da ban sha'awa amma ba a tabbatar da su ba (Mithun 1999:305).
Harshe da sake farfado da harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, an tsara wani shirin a cikin ilimin harshe na Iroquois a Jami'ar Syracuse, Takardar shaidar a cikin ilimin harshen Iroquoes don masu koyon harshe, don dalibai da malamai na harshe da ke aiki a cikin farfado da harshe.[8][9]
Six Nations Polytechnic a Ohsweken, Ontario tana ba da difloma da shirye-shiryen digiri na Ognveh a cikin Mohawk ko Cayuga . [10]
Farawa a watan Satumbar 2017, Jami'ar Waterloo a Waterloo, Ontario ta fara bayar da karatun bashi a cikin Mohawk; za a ba da darussan a Kwalejin Jami'ar Renison tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Aboriginal ta Waterloo, Kwalejin Jama'ar St. Paul.
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/iroq1247
|chapterurl=missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. - ↑ "Ogwehoweh Languages". Six Nations Polytechnic. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
- ↑ Mithun, Marianne. "Grammaticalization and Polysynthesis: Iroquoian" (PDF). Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
- ↑ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". unesco.org. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
- ↑ "Iroquoian Languages". languagegeek.com. 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on February 23, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
- ↑ "Laurentian Language and the Laurentian Indian Tribe (Stadaconan, Kwedech, Hochelagan)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
- ↑ Alvin M. Josephy Jr., ed. (1961). The American Heritage Book of Indians. American Heritage Publishing Co. pp. 188–219. LCCN 61-14871.
- ↑ "Certificate in Iroquois Linguistics for Language Learners". University College. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ↑ Gale Courey Toensing (September 2, 2012). "Iroquois Linguistics Certificate at Syracuse University Comes at Important Time for Native Languages". Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ↑ "University Program". Six Nations Polytechnic. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- ↑ Historical examination of the Jesuits records suggest that, following the Seneca conquest of Oil Spring in 1638, the Wenro may have had no more than three villages sandwiched between Buffalo and Rochester (i.e., between the Niagara and Genesee rivers).[7]
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