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Isabella di Morra

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Isabella di Morra
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Valsinni (en) Fassara, 1520 (Gregorian)
ƙasa Regno 'e Napule (mul) Fassara
Mutuwa Valsinni (en) Fassara, 1546 (Gregorian)
Makwanci Valsinni (en) Fassara
Yanayin mutuwa  (stab wound (en) Fassara)
Yare Q3863179 Fassara
Karatu
Harsuna Italiyanci
Sana'a
Sana'a maiwaƙe da marubuci

Isabella di Morra (c. 1520 - 1545/1546) mawaki ce ta Italiya ta Renaissance . Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba a rayuwarta, ƴan uwanta sun tilasta mata ta zauna a ware, wanda ya nisanta ta daga kotuna da wuraren karatu. Yayinda take zaune a cikin kaɗaici a cikin gidansa, ta samar da wani aiki wanda bai bazu a cikin yanayin wallafe-wallafen lokacin ba. Daga bisani 'yan uwanta suka kashe ta saboda zargin soyayya ta sirri.

Waƙoƙi goma sha uku da ta rubuta sun tsira har zuwa yau. Wannan aikin an dauke shi daga cikin maganganun waka mafi karfi da asali na wallafe-wallafen Italiyanci daga karni na 16, [1] ta amfani da batutuwa da dabarun da suka sa ta, a cewar wasu malamai, mai gabatarwa na waƙoƙin Romantic.[1]

Tarihin rayuwa

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Rayuwa ta farko

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An haifi Isabella di Morra a cikin dangi mai daraja a Favale (yanzu Valsinni, a lardin Matera), a lokacin wani ɓangare na Masarautar Naples . Ita 'yar Giovanni Michele di Morra ce, baron na Favale, da Luisa Brancaccio, wata mace mai daraja daga dangin Neapolitan. Ranar haihuwarta ba ta da tabbas: gabaɗaya, an yi nuni ga binciken da Benedetto Croce ya yi wanda ya sanya shi a kusa da 1520, [2] kodayake ana iya haife ta a baya, game da 1515 ko 1516.[3][4]

Yayinda take yarinya, mahaifinta ya ilimantar da Isabella a cikin adabi da waka. Ita, mahaifiyarta da ƴan uwanta (yan uwanta biyar: Marcantonio, Scipione, Decio, Cesare, Fabio, da' yar'uwa ɗaya: Porzia) Giovanni Michele ya watsar da su a 1528, lokacin da aka tilasta masa neman mafaka a Faransa bayan ya goyi bayan sojojin Faransa da suka mamaye masarautar Spain Charles V don cin nasarar Masarautar Naples. Da ya koma Favale yayin da aka gafarta wa laifin da ya aikata wa kambin Mutanen Espanya, amma ya kasance a Faransa yana aiki a cikin sojoji kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Francis I da kuma halartar bukukuwan kotu.[5] An haifi ƙarami, Camillo, bayan ya tafi.

Scipione ya bi mahaifinsa jim kadan bayan haka kuma ɗan'uwansa na fari Marcantonio ya karɓi iko a Favale.[6] Isabella ta girma ne a cikin mummunan yanayi na iyali, tare da mahaifiyar da ba su da taimako da 'yan'uwa waɗanda ba su da ladabi, marasa biyayya da zalunci.[7] Ta sha wahala sosai ta hanyar barin mahaifinta kwatsam, wanda ya azabtar da ita har tsawon rayuwarta. An ba ta mai koyarwa wanda ya jagoranta a cikin nazarin Petrarch da mawaƙa na Latin, kuma mai yiwuwa ita ce kadai mutumin da za ta iya magana da shi game da adabi.[8]

Matasa

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Gidan sarauta na Isabella di Morra a Favale (yanzu Valsinni)

Tun daga farko, ƙiyayya ta nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin Isabella da 'yan uwanta uku Cesare, Decio da Fabio, waɗanda watakila suka yi kishin' yar'uwarsu mai baiwa da kuma kula da ita.[6] Sun tilasta mata ta zauna a cikin tsananin warewa a cikin gidan sarauta na Favale, wanda ke kan dutse mai tsawo sama da Tekun Ionian. A cikin gidan sarauta Isabella ta sadaukar da kanta ga rubuta waƙoƙi, ta sami a cikin waƙoƙoƙi kawai ta'aziyya ga kaɗaicinta.[1]

Duk da haka, ta sami damar yin abota da maƙwabtanta masu ilimi: Diego Sandoval de Castro, baron na Bollita (Nova Siri na yanzu) da kuma castellan na Cosenza, da matarsa Antonia Caracciolo . Daga al'adun Mutanen Espanya, Diego, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kyakkyawa da jarumi soja wanda ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Charles V a cikin balaguron Algiers, mawaki ne da aka buga, memba na Kwalejin Florentine kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin iko a Naples kasancewar Viceroy Pedro na Toledo . [9] Wataƙila malaminta ya ƙarfafa shi kuma ya taimaka masa, Isabella da Diego sun fara wasikar sirri, lokacin da ya fara aika mata wasiƙu da sunan matarsa tare da wasu waƙoƙi da aka rufe, wanda Isabella na iya amsawa.

An fara yin jita-jita game da wata alaƙa da aka ɓoye, kodayake dangantakarsu ta kasance asiri kuma ba a san ko sun kasance fiye da abokai kawai ba. Sai dai ga taƙaitaccen ambaton aure, aikin Isabella da ya tsira bai haɗa da waƙar soyayya da aka yi wa mutum ba, yayin da kalmomin Diego suka bayyana yadda yake ji game da ƙaunataccensa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin takamaiman mace, ko kuma kawai kuka na al'ada, bin salon waka na zamanin.[10] Koyaya, 'yan uwan Isabella, bayan an sanar da su game da wasikun, sun yi zargin wani al'amari na waje da aure kuma, don fansar darajar iyali, sun shirya mummunan shirin azabtarwa.

Mutuwa

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Wanda aka fara azabtarwa shine malaminta, wanda ke dauke da wasiƙun tsakanin su. Bayan haka sun fuskanci Isabella, kuma an same ta da haruffa a hannunta bisa ga rahotanni na lokacin.[9] An yi mata wuka har ta mutu.[6] Biyu daga cikin 'yan uwan sun tsere zuwa Faransa amma nan da nan suka dawo tare da niyyar kammala fansa a kan Diego wanda, yana tsoron rayuwarsa, ya hayar mai tsaron gida. Masu kisan gilla uku, tare da taimakon kawuna biyu kuma mai yiwuwa sun haifar da ƙiyayya ga Mutanen Espanya, sun kashe shi a cikin dazuzzuka kusa da Noja (wanda a yau ake kira Noepoli) watanni da yawa bayan haka.

Mutuwar Isabella ta kusan ba a lura da ita ba har ma da amincewa da al'umma bisa ga ka'idar girmamawa ta karni na 16, kuma kisan Diego Sandoval ba a bincika shi ba. Ba a san shekarar mutuwarta da tabbaci ba amma mai yiwuwa 1545 ko 1546, kodayake wasu binciken sun nuna cewa ta mutu a 1547 ko 1548.[11] An yi imanin cewa an binne ta a cocin San Fabiano amma ba a sami kabari ba kuma babu wata alama da ke kaiwa ga ita. Yayinda yake ziyartar Valsinni, Croce ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano kabarin Isabella amma gyare-gyare a cikin cocin ya lalata duk alamun jana'izar iyalin di Morra, kuma bincikensa a bayan bango na karkashin kasa ya nuna tarin ƙasusuwa kawai.[12]

Sakamakon haka

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An tilasta wa masu kisan su gudu daga Masarautar Naples don guje wa fushin Mataimakin Pedro na Toledo, wanda ya ba da umarnin a wanke dukkan lardin. Sun haɗu da mahaifinsu a Faransa, wanda ake zargin ya mutu jim kadan bayan bala'in yayin da yake da rai kuma yana karɓar fansho a shekara ta 1549.[13] An hukunta su da laifi ba tare da shi ba.[5] Scipione, ko da yake ya firgita kuma ya yi fushi da kisan, ya yi murabus don taimakawa 'yan uwansa. Decio ya zama firist kuma Cesare ya auri wata mace mai daraja ta Faransa amma babu wani bayani game da Fabio. Scipione, wanda ya kasance sakataren Sarauniya Catherine de 'Medici, daga baya wasu mambobin kotu da ke kishi da shi suka kashe shi.[14]

A halin yanzu, an kai sauran 'yan uwan gaban shari'a. Marcantonio, wanda bai shiga cikin makircin ba, an daure shi na wasu watanni sannan aka sake shi. Yaron ƙarami, Camillo, wanda shi ma ba shi da wani abu da ya shafi kisan, an wanke shi daga shiga tsakani.[5]

Waƙoƙi

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An gano waƙoƙi Isabella lokacin da hukumomi suka shiga gidanta don bincika kisan. Akwai sonnets goma da waƙoƙi uku, waɗanda aka buga bayan mutuwarsu. An haɗa ta da ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen 1500 da aka sani da Petrarch" id="mwmQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Petrarchism">Petrarchism, farfadowar samfurin Petrarch wanda Pietro Bembo ya ƙaddamar.[15] Kodayake siffarta, ƙamus da jimloli suna bin salon Petrarchist na lokacin, an rarrabe ta da muryarta mai ban tsoro da damuwa, mai yiwuwa mawaƙa na zamani kamar Dante Alighieri (musamman babi na Inferno da Rime Petrus lyrics) [16] da Jacopone da Todi sun rinjayi ta. Waƙarta ta sirri ce, ta rinjayi yanayin iyalinta da kuma tilasta warewa; ta rubuta a kan motsin rai don fitar da takaici, ba tare da wani kayan ado na wallafe-wallafen ko ladabi ba.

Ba kamar sauran waƙoƙi mata ba, waɗanda galibi sun dogara ne akan bikin soyayya mai kyau, a cikin aikin Isabella akwai sarari kawai don ciwo na rayuwa, ƙiyayya da kaɗaici, yana mai da ita adadi na musamman tsakanin mawaƙa na Petrarchist na lokacin. Aure ita ce kawai hanyar soyayya, wanda ba kawai zai gamsar da matsayinta na zamantakewa da na mata ba, amma zai zama hanya ɗaya don tserewa daga yanayin zalunci da ta zauna a ciki.[17] Waƙoƙinta sun bayyana baƙin ciki da take ji game da kasancewa a ware, kasancewa a raba shi da wasu mutane masu wallafe-wallafen, kuma ya rasa mahaifinta, tare da Halitta a matsayin babban mai magana da ayoyinta.[18]

Isabella kanta ta bayyana salon ta a matsayin "mai fushi, mai tsanani da baƙin ciki" (amaro, aspro e dolente) [19] ko "marasa mutunci da rauni" (ruvido e frale). [20] Fortune ita ce babbar mai adawa da aikinta, an zarge ta da hana ta farin ciki da 'yanci. Fortune ita ce siffarta game da zaluncin ɗan adam ga "kowane zuciya mai kyau" (ogni ben nato core), wanda ke nuna rashin amincewa da duniya inda zalunci da tashin hankali suka fi dacewa da nagarta. [21][22]

Kogin Sinni a faɗuwar rana

Ta nuna ƙyamar ƙasarsu, wadda aka bayyana a matsayin "kwari na jahannama" (valle inferna) da kuma "wurin da aka la'anta" (denigrato sito), kewaye da "kwana mai duhu da duhu" (selve erme ed oscure), wanda "mutane marasa hankali, ba tare da hankali ba" (gente irrazional, priva'ingegno), kuma "turpair Siri" (torbido Siri, wanda aka sani da Sinni) ya haye kogin da ke gudana a cikin kwarin da ke ƙasa da gidansa, wanda ke gudana yayin da yake karuwa a cikin kwari a cikin ke ke ke kewaye da ita. Tana tunanin jefa kanta a matsayin alama a cikin ƙaunatacciyar kogi da aka ƙi, watakila tana nufin kashe kanta.[23] Wannan ya haifar da ka'idar guda ɗaya cewa 'yar'uwarta Porzia da Diego Sandoval suna rubutu sannan suka zama wadanda masu kisan kai suka shafa; saboda haka Isabella, wanda bala'in ya shafa, ta jefa kanta cikin kogi, tunda babu wata alama game da inda za a iya binne ta.[11]

Ta bincika teku tana jiran jirgi don kawo labarai masu kyau game da mahaifinta da ke gudun hijira (wanda ke zaune cikin kwanciyar hankali a Faransa, yana watsi da makomarta), [24] cikin fatan banza cewa yanayinta zai inganta tare da dawowarsa. Charles V (wanda aka sani da "Kaisar" a cikin kalmomin) an zarge shi da "hana wa uba daga taimaka wa 'yarsa" (privar il padre di giovar la figlia) kuma Francis I shine "babban sarki" (babban re), wanda aka yi masa duk fatan samun 'yancin kansa, amma an rushe su yayin da masarautar Faransa ta ƙarshe ta ci nasara da abokin hamayyarsa, ta sa Isabella ta kara baƙin ciki. An nuna mahaifiyarta a matsayin tsohuwa kuma mai wahala ba ta iya sarrafa 'ya'yanta ba; 'yan uwanta suna da "mafi girman kai da rashin jin daɗi" (a cikin estrema ed orrida fiacchezza) suna zargin Fortune don hana su yanayin kirki da kakanninsu suka ji daɗi da kuma bayyana rashin hankali da masu zalunci ta hanyar cewa: "da waɗanda, ta hanyar jahilci, ba su fahimta ni ba, ina, alas, an zarge ni" (da chi non per son, lassa ignoranza i' son).[25][26]

Ta kuma ba da yabo ga mawaki Luigi Alamanni, wanda ya nemi mafaka a Faransa bayan wani makirci da aka yi wa Kadanal Giulio de 'Medici, daga baya Paparoma Clement VII. Ta rubuta game da "ƙarshen tausayi" (miserando fine) da kuma "yanzu ina jin ƙarshen ta kusa" (ko ch'io sento da presso il fine amaro), wanda ke haifar da mutum ya yi tunanin cewa tana sane da kisan da ke gabatowa, [13] ko kuma watakila tana jiran yanayin rayuwarta mai bakin ciki. [4] A cikin waƙoƙin ƙarshe ta sami ta'aziyya a cikin Yesu Kristi da Budurwa Maryamu, ta hanyar da ta yi kama da ta yarda da rayuwarta mai raɗaɗi kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin samun zaman lafiya na tunani, a bayyane yake ta sulhunta da kanta ga ƙasar da ta taɓa raina. Fata ta ƙarshe ita ce ta ga kanta "cikakken 'yanci daga girgije na duniya, kuma daga cikin rayuka masu albarka" (sgombrata tutta dal terrestre nembo, e fra l'alme beate).[27]

Kyauta

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Siffar Isabella di Morra a Valsinni

Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwarta, ayoyin sun fara yawo a Naples kuma an karanta su da tausayi da sha'awa, [28] sannan aka aika su zuwa Venice, inda wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinta suka bayyana a Littafin 3 na littafin Lodovico Dolce, Rime di diversi illustri signori napoletani e d'altri nobilissimi intelletti (Waƙoƙi na wasu masu daraja na Neapolitan da sauran manyan masu ilimi) a cikin 1552. Dukkanin samarwar daga baya an haɗa shi a cikin Lodovico Domenichi's Rime diverse d'alcune nobilissime, et virtuosissime donne (Abin da wasu mata masu daraja da masu kirki suka yi) a cikin 1559. A shekara ta 1629, dan uwanta Marcantonio, ɗan Camillo, ya buga tarihin iyali mai taken Familiae nobilissimae de Morra historia (Tarihin mafi kyawun iyalin Morra), yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarta da mutuwarta waɗanda ba a sani ba har sai an sake ta.

Duk da cewa daga baya an haɗa aikinta a wasu litattafai, kusan an manta da Isabella Rima masu sukar sun yi watsi da ita a cikin ƙarni. Bayan dogon lokaci na shiru, wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon karni na 20, Angelo De Gubernatis ya sake gano ta a cikin 1901, yayin da take halartar taron game da wallafe-wallafen a Bologna. A cikin 1907, De Gubernatis ya buga Isabella Morra . Le rime (Isabella Morra). Ayoyin, ciki har da bayanin da kuma gabatarwa na Isabella wanda aka samo daga littafin dan uwanta. Amma Benedetto Croce ne ya fitar da tarihin rayuwarta na farko da aka rubuta a tarihi kuma ya ba da wata kasida mai mahimmanci, sake kimanta matsayinta a cikin wallafe-wallafen Italiyanci.[29] Croce ya yaba da waƙarta saboda "matsananciyar sha'awa" da "matsayi cikin motsin rai", ya bambanta da salon da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin, wanda ya yi la'akari da "mai daraja da na wucin gadi".[30]

A cewar Paul F. Grendler's Encyclopedia of the Renaissance tare da The Renaissance Society of America, aikinta "mai ban sha'awa ne na Romanticism" [31] kuma ya ce: "babu wani mawaki da ya sanya irin wannan zurfin kansa a cikin shayari, yana kawo sabon wasan kwaikwayo a cikin waƙoƙin daidai saboda haka yana magance yanayin bala'i na rayuwarta", yana ba da gudummawa "ga ci gaban sabon hankali a cikin harshen waka, wanda ya samo asali a cikin wani nau'in rayuwa wanda ke haifar da tarihin rayuwa, na ainihi, na siyasa. An ambaci ta a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga Giacomo Leopardi saboda irin waɗannan jigogi, ji da abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa.[4] Ana kuma la'akari da waƙarta a matsayin yiwuwar tasiri ga Torquato Tasso [31] kamar yadda aka sake maimaita shi a cikin waka Canzone al Metauro (A Poem for Metauro, 1578). [31][32]

A cikin al'adun gargajiya

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Anny Duperey ce ta nuna Isabella a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna da aka yi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orsay, Paris, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1974. André Pieyre na Mandiargues ne ya rubuta shi kuma Jean-Louis Barrault ne ya ba da umarni.[33]

An kafa wani shafin wallafe-wallafen da ake kira bayan ta a garinsu na Valsinni a 1993, inda ake yin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.[34]

Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Storia di Isabella di Morra raccontata da Benedetto Croce (Labarin Isabella di morra kamar yadda Benedetto croce ya fada) na Dacia Maraini an shirya shi a Valsinni (1999) da Roma (2000). [35]

An sadaukar da bikin Io Isabella International Film Week don ƙwaƙwalwarta.

Isabella an nuna ta a cikin littafin duhu mai ban sha'awa mai suna A Tithe in Blood . Babban halayyar tana nazarin waƙarta a jami'a kuma tana gano wasu ayyukanta na almara da suka shafi sihiri.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Marrone & Puppa 2007.
  2. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  3. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Giovanni Caserta. "Isabella Morra". aptbasilicata.it. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Giovanni Caserta" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007.
  7. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  8. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Robin 2007
  10. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  12. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Musillo Mitchell 1998.
  14. ↑ Musillo Mitchell 1998.
  15. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  16. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  17. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  18. ↑ Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007
  19. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  20. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  21. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  22. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  23. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  24. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  25. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  26. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  27. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  28. ↑ Musillo Mitchell 1998.
  29. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  30. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Grendler 1999
  32. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  33. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  34. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
  35. ↑ Jaffe & Colombardo 2002.
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