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Iska ta kasuwanci

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Yammacin yamma (kibiya mai launin shudi) da iskar kasuwanci (kibiya da launin ruwan kasa)

Iska ta kasuwanci, ko gabas, iskõki ne na dindindin daga gabas zuwa yamma waɗanda ke gudana a yankin equatorial na Duniya. Iska ta kasuwanci tana hurawa galibi daga arewa maso gabas a Arewacin Hemisphere da kuma daga kudu maso gabas zuwa Kudancin Hemispher, yana ƙarfafawa a lokacin hunturu da kuma lokacin da Arctic oscillation ke cikin yanayin dumi. Shugabannin Jiragen ruwa sun yi amfani da iskar kasuwanci don tsallaka tekun duniya na ƙarni da yawa. Sun ba da damar mulkin mallaka na Turai na Amurka, da kuma hanyoyin kasuwanci don kafawa a fadin Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Pacific.

A cikin ilimin yanayi, suna aiki ne a matsayin jagora ga Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke tasowa a kan Tekun Atlantika, Pacific, da kudancin Indiya kuma suna haifar da ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka, Madagascar, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Ana ganin girgije mai zurfi a cikin tsarin iska na kasuwanci kuma an rufe shi daga zama tsayi ta hanyar juyawa na iska, wanda ya haifar da saukowar iska daga sama daga cikin tudun subtropical. Yayin da iskar kasuwanci ta zama mai rauni, ana iya sa ran ruwan sama da yawa a yankunan da ke kusa.

Har ila yau, iskar kasuwanci tana jigilar ƙurar Sahara mai wadata da nitrate da phosphate zuwa duk Latin Amurka, Tekun Caribbean, da kuma sassa na kudu maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka. A wasu lokuta, ƙurar Sahara tana nan a faɗuwar rana a duk faɗin Florida. Lokacin da ƙura daga Sahara ke tafiya a kan ƙasa, ana hana ruwan sama kuma sararin samaniya yana canzawa daga shuɗi zuwa fari wanda ke haifar da karuwar jan faɗuwar rana. Kasancewarsa yana da mummunar tasiri ga ingancin iska ta hanyar ƙarawa ga ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin iska.

Tarihi

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A Spanish galleon

Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga farkon karni na sha huɗu na ma'anar kasuwanci (a ƙarshen Turanci na Tsakiya) har yanzu sau da yawa ma'anar "hanya" ko "hanya".[1] Portuguese sun fahimci muhimmancin iskar kasuwanci (sa'an nan kuma volta do mar, ma'ana a cikin Portuguese "juyawa daga teku" amma kuma "Komawa daga Tekun") a cikin kewayawa a arewa da kudancin Tekun Atlantika tun farkon karni na 15. Daga Yammacin Afirka, Portuguese dole ne su tashi daga nahiyar Afirka, wato, zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma. Za su iya juyawa zuwa arewa maso gabas, zuwa yankin da ke kusa da tsibirin Azores, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa gabas zuwa nahiyar Turai. Sun kuma koyi cewa don isa Afirka ta Kudu, suna buƙatar fita nesa a cikin teku, zuwa Brazil, kuma kusan 30 ° S su sake zuwa gabas. (Wannan shi ne saboda bin gabar tekun Afirka ta kudu yana nufin tafiya zuwa iska a Kudancin Kudancin.) A cikin Tekun Pacific, cikakken iska, wanda ya haɗa da iska ta gabas da iska mai zurfi, ba a san shi ba ga Turawa har zuwa tafiyar Andres na Urdaneta a shekara ta 1565.

Kyaftin din jirgin ruwa yana neman hanyar da za a iya sa ran iskõki su hura a cikin hanyar tafiya. A lokacin Age of Sail, tsarin iskõki masu yawa ya sa wurare daban-daban na duniya sun kasance masu sauƙin ko da wuya a samu, sabili da haka yana da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ginin daular Turai kuma ta haka ne a kan yanayin siyasa na zamani. Misali, Jiragen ruwa na Manila ba za su iya tafiya cikin iska ba.

Taswirar Edmond Halley na iskar kasuwanci, 1686

A cikin karni na 18, muhimmancin iskar kasuwanci ga jiragen ruwa na Ingila don tsallaka Tekun Atlantika ya jagoranci duka jama'a da masu ilimin lissafi don gano sunan tare da ma'anar "ciniki": " (na waje) kasuwanci". Tsakanin 1847 da 1849, Matthew Fontaine Maury ya tattara isasshen bayani don ƙirƙirar iska da sigogi na yanzu don tekun duniya.

Dalilin da ya sa

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Taswirar 3D da ke nuna sel na Hadley dangane da iska ta kasuwanci a farfajiya

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Hadley cell, iska ta sama tana gudana zuwa ga ma'auni yayin da kwararar sama ke zuwa ga sanduna. Yankin da ke da matsin lamba na kwanciyar hankali, iska mai sauƙi a kusa da ma'auni an san shi da Doldrums, kusa da maɓallin ma'aunin ma'aikatar, [2] gaba mai zafi, ko Yankin haɗuwa na Intertropical. [3] Lokacin da yake cikin yankin monsoon, wannan yanki na matsin lamba da haɗuwa da iska an kuma san shi da kogin monsoon.[4] Kusan 30 ° a cikin sassan biyu, iska ta fara sauka zuwa farfajiyar a cikin belin matsin lamba na subtropical da aka sani da subtropical ridges. Rashin iska (sinking) yana da bushewa saboda yayin da yake saukowa, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa, amma abun da ke cikin danshi ya kasance mai ɗorewa, wanda ke rage yawan zafi na iska. Wannan iska mai dumi, mai bushe an san shi da iska mai iska mafi girma kuma yawanci yana zaune sama da iska mai zafi na teku (mai zafi da danshi). Lokacin da ya faru a cikin tsarin iska na kasuwanci, an san shi da jujjuyawar iska ta kasuwanci.[5]

Iska da ke gudana daga waɗannan belin matsin lamba na subtropical zuwa Equator an karkatar da shi zuwa yamma a cikin sassan biyu ta hanyar Tasirin Coriolis.[6] Wadannan iskõki suna hurawa galibi daga arewa maso gabas a Arewacin Hemisphere kuma daga kudu maso gabas zuwa Kudancin Hemispher. Saboda ana kiran iskõki saboda hanyar da iska ke hurawa, ana kiran waɗannan iskõki iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas a Arewacin Hemisphere da iskar kasuwanci na kudu maso gabas.[7] Iska ta kasuwanci na bangarorin biyu sun hadu a Doldrums .

Yayin da suke hurawa a fadin yankuna masu zafi, iska mai zafi a kan ƙananan latitudes saboda hasken rana kai tsaye. Wadanda ke tasowa a kan ƙasa (ƙasar) sun bushe kuma sun fi zafi fiye da waɗanda ke tasowa akan teku (maritime), kuma suna tafiya zuwa arewa a gefen yammacin tudun subtropical.[8] Ana kiran iska mai zafi na teku a wasu lokuta a matsayin iska mai cinikayya.[9] Dukkanin tekuna masu zafi ban da arewacin Tekun Indiya suna da manyan wuraren iskar kasuwanci.

Yanayi da tasirin halittu

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Girgije wanda ke sama da yankuna a cikin tsarin iska na kasuwanci yawanci ya ƙunshi cumulus wanda bai wuce kilomita 4 ba (13,000 a tsawo, kuma an rufe shi daga kasancewa tsayi ta hanyar juyawa na iska.[10] Iska ta kasuwanci ta samo asali ne daga jagorancin sanduna (arewa maso gabas a Arewacin Hemisphere, kudu maso gabas na Kudancin Hemispheric) a lokacin sanyi, kuma sun fi karfi a cikin hunturu fiye da lokacin rani. Misali, lokacin iska a cikin Guianas, wanda ke kwance a ƙananan latitudes a Kudancin Amurka, yana faruwa tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu.[11] Lokacin da yanayin oscillation na Arctic (AO) ya yi dumi, iskar kasuwanci ta fi karfi a cikin wurare masu zafi. Yanayin sanyi na AO yana haifar da iskar kasuwanci mai rauni.[12] Lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta fi rauni, yankunan da suka fi yawa na ruwan sama sun fadi a kan yankuna masu zafi, kamar Amurka ta tsakiya.

A lokacin tsakiyar bazara a Arewacin Hemisphere (Yuli), iskar kasuwanci mai motsi zuwa yammacin kudu da arewacin arewacin subtropical mai motsi yana fadada zuwa arewa maso yamma daga Caribbean_Sea" id="mwxw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Caribbean Sea">Tekun Caribbean zuwa kudu maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka (Florida da Gulf Coast). Lokacin da ƙura daga Sahara ke motsawa a gefen kudancin tudun ke tafiya a kan ƙasa, ana hana ruwan sama kuma sararin samaniya yana canzawa daga shuɗi zuwa fari wanda ke haifar da karuwar faɗuwar rana. Kasancewarsa yana da mummunar tasiri ga ingancin iska ta hanyar ƙarawa ga ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin iska. Kodayake kudu maso gabashin Amurka yana da wasu iska mafi tsabta a Arewacin Amurka, yawancin ƙurar Afirka da ta kai Amurka tana shafar Florida. Tun daga shekara ta 1970, barkewar ƙura ta kara muni saboda lokacin fari a Afirka. Akwai babban bambanci a cikin jigilar ƙura zuwa Caribbean da Florida daga shekara zuwa shekara. Abubuwan da suka faru na ƙura an haɗa su da raguwar lafiyar coral reefs a fadin Caribbean da Florida, da farko tun daga shekarun 1970s.

[13]A kowace shekara, miliyoyin ton na ƙurar sahara mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki ke tsallakawa Tekun Atlantika, inda ke kawo muhimman phosphorus da sauran takin zamani ga ƙasan Amazon.

Dubi kuma

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  • Yankin haɗuwa da wurare masu zafi
  • Tafiya daga Tekun
  • Yammacin Turai
  • Yammacin iska
  • Iska a cikin Zamanin Jirgin Sama

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ amp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Doldrums". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  3. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Intertropical Convergence Zone". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009-06-02. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  4. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Monsoon Trough". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  5. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Superior air". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  6. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "trade winds". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  7. ↑ JetStream (2008). "How to read weather maps". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  8. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Tropical air". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  9. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Trade air". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  10. ↑ Bob Rauber (2009-05-22). "Research-The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign". Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  11. ↑ G. E. Pieter & F. Augustinus (2004). "The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels: a synthesis". Marine Geology. 208 (2–4): 145–151. Bibcode:2004MGeol.208..145A. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.04.007. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Robert R. Steward (2005). "The Ocean's Influence on North American Drought". Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  13. ↑ Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; Yuan, Tianle; Bian, Huisheng; Remer, Lorraine A.; Prospero, Joseph M.; Omar, Ali; Winker, David; Yang, Yuekui; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhibo; Zhao, Chun (2015). "The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (6): 1984–1991. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y. doi:10.1002/2015GL063040. OSTI 1225157.
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