Ivan Illich

Ivan Illich
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Vienna, 4 Satumba 1926
ƙasa	Austriya Tarayyar Amurka Jamus
Mutuwa	Bremen, 2 Disamba 2002
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (brain cancer (en) )
Karatu
Makaranta	University of Florence (en) Pontifical Gregorian University (en) Jami'ar Salzburg
Matakin karatu	Ph.D. (mul)
Harsuna	Jamusanci Faransanci Italiyanci Yaren Sifen Croatian (en) Turanci Ancient Greek (en) Harshen Latin Portuguese language Harshen Hindu
Sana'a
Sana'a	Catholic priest (en) , Masanin tarihi, ilmantarwa, mai falsafa, literary critic (en) , anthropologist (en) , marubuci, sociologist (en) , Malamin akida da Catholic priest (en)
Wurin aiki	Cuernavaca (en)
Employers	Pennsylvania State University (en) Piarists (en) Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico (en)  (1956 -  1960)
Muhimman ayyuka	Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta Tools for Conviviality (mul)
Kyaututtuka	gani Kultur- und Friedenspreis der Villa Ichon  (1998) honorary doctorate from University of Paris-XI  (1976)
Wanda ya ja hankalinsa	Emmanuel Levinas (mul) , Traditionalist School (en) , René Guénon (en) , Frithjof Schuon (en) da Paulo Freire (mul)
Fafutuka	Rashin girma environmentalism (en)
Imani
Addini	Katolika
ivanillich.org.mx

Ivan / Illich ( / ɪˈvɑːn ˈɪlɪtʃ / iv- AHN IL iv- itch ;de ; 4 Satumba 1926 - 2 Disamba 2002) firist ne na Katolika na Austria, masanin ilimin tauhidi, masanin falsafa, kuma mai sukar zamantakewa. Littafinsa na 1971 mai suna Deschooling Society ya soki tsarin ilimi na al'umma ta zamani, wanda ya yi jayayya a kai yana rage wa mutane hankali da kuma nisantar da su daga tsarin koyo. Littafinsa na 1975 mai suna Medical Nemesis, wanda ya shigo cikin ilimin zamantakewa na likitanci , inda ya yi jayayya cewa al'umma mai ci gaba ta fannin masana'antu tana lalata ingancin rayuwa ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar yawan shan magani, rashin lafiyar yanayi na yau da kullun, da kuma ƙara dogaro da cibiyoyin likitanci. Illich ya kira kansa "mahajjaci mai kuskure."

Tarihin Rayuwa

Rayuwar farko

An haifi Ivan Dominic Illich a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1926 a Vienna, Austria, ga Ivan Peter da Ellen Rose (née Regenstreif-Ortlieb) Illich. Mahaifinsa injiniyan gine-gine ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya daga wani dangin Katolika na ƙasar Dalmatia, yana da gidaje a birnin Split da kuma wuraren giya da man zaitun a tsibirin Brač . Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangin Yahudawa na Sephardic waɗanda suka koma Kiristanci daga Jamus da Austria-Hungary ( Czernowitz, Bukowina ). An yi wa Ellen Illich baftisma ta hanyar Lutheran amma ta koma Katolika bayan aure. Mahaifinta, Friedrich "Fritz" Regenstreif, ƙwararren masanin masana'antu ne wanda ya sami kuɗinsa a harkar sayar da katako a Bosnia, daga baya ya zauna a Vienna, inda ya gina wani gidan fasaha na zamani .

Mahaifiyarsa ta yi tafiya zuwa Vienna domin likitoci mafi kyau su sami damar zuwa wurin haihuwa ; mahaifin Ivan ba ya zaune a Tsakiyar Turai a lokacin. Lokacin da Ivan ya kai watanni uku, an kai shi tare da ma'aikacin jinya zuwa Split, Dalmatia (wanda a lokacin yana cikin Masarautar Yugoslavia ), don a nuna shi ga kakansa na uba. A can aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1926. A shekara ta 1928 aka haifi tagwayen 'yan uwansa Alexander da Michael. A shekarar 1932 iyayensa suka sake shi, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta mayar da dukkan 'ya'yansa uku gidan mahaifinta da ke Vienna.

Ilimi a Italiya

A shekara ta 1942, bayan mutuwar kakansa, lokacin da Ivan yake ɗan shekara 16, mahaifiyarsa ta gudu tare da shi da 'yan'uwansa daga Vienna, Austria zuwa Florence, Italiya, don gujewa tsanantawar da Nazi ke yi wa Yahudawa. Illich ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Florence, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun histology da crystallography a Jami'ar Florence ta gida. Yana fatan komawa Austria bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi rajista  a digirin digirgir a tarihin tsakiyar zamanai a Jami'ar Salzburg da fatan samun takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa bisa doka saboda ba shi da takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasa. Ya rubuta wani rubutu da ya mayar da hankali kan masanin tarihi Arnold J. Toynbee, wani batu da zai mayar da hankali a kai a shekarunsa na ƙarshe. A lokacin da yake aiki a kan digirin digirgir, ya dawo  zuwa Italiya inda ya yi karatun tauhidi da falsafa a Jami'ar Gregorian ta Paparoma da ke Rome, domin yana son zama firist na Katolika. A shekarar 1951, an naɗa shi firist na Katolika a Roma kuma ya yi Ibadarsa ta farko a cikin katacombs inda Kiristocin Roma na farko suka ɓuya daga masu tsananta musu.

Sana'a

Illich, wanda ya yi amfani da harsuna da yawa, yana iya magana da Italiyanci, Sifaniyanci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci sosai. Daga baya ya koyi harshen Croatia, harshen kakanninsa, sannan ya koyi Girkanci da Latin na zamanin da, ban da harsunan Portugal, Hindi, Turanci, da sauran harsuna.

Bayan nadinsa a shekarar 1951, ya koma Amurka domin ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Princeton . Duk da haka, ya kauce daga waɗannan tsare-tsaren domin ya zama firist na coci a Cocin Incarnation da ke Washington Heights, Manhattan, a wancan lokacin wani shinge na baƙi 'yan Puerto Rico da suka zo. A lokacin Incarnation, Illich ya yi wa'azi a ƙarƙashin sunan "John Illich", bisa ga shawarar faston cocin, wanda ya ce sunan Ivan "ya yi kama da gurguzu". A Incarnation, Illich ya zama sananne a matsayin abokin al'ummar Puerto Rica, yana shirya musu shagunan al'adu, kamar San Juan Fiesta, bikin Puerto Rico da waliyyinta wanda daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa faretin Ranar Puerto Rican da har yanzu yake nan.

Nasarar Illich ta jawo hankalin Bishop na New York, Cardinal Spellman, kuma a shekarar 1956, yana da shekaru 30, an naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Katolika ta Puerto Rico, "wani matsayi da ya riƙe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin a kore shi daga aiki - Illich ya ɗan yi ƙarfi sosai a cikin sukar da Vatican ta yi kan dokar hana haihuwa da kuma rashin yin shiru game da bam ɗin nukiliya ." A Puerto Rico ne Illich ya haɗu da Everett Reimer, kuma su biyun suka fara nazarin ayyukansu a matsayin shugabannin "ilimi". A shekarar 1959, ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Kudancin Amurka da ƙafa da kuma ta bas.

Ƙarshen wa'adin Illich a jami'ar ya zo ne a shekarar 1960 sakamakon takaddamar da ta shafi bishop-bishop James Edward McManus da James Peter Davis, waɗanda suka yi Allah wadai da Gwamna Luis Muñoz Marín da Jam'iyyarsa ta Popular Democratic saboda matsayinsu na hana haihuwa da saki. Bishof ɗin sun kuma kafa jam'iyyar Katolika mai adawa da su. Daga baya Illich ya taƙaita adawarsa:

A matsayina na masanin tarihi, na ga cewa hakan ya saɓa wa al'adar Amurka ta raba Coci da Gwamnati. A matsayina na ɗan siyasa, na yi hasashen cewa babu isasshen ƙarfi a cikin manyan mabiya Katolika da zai samar da wani dandamali mai ma'ana kuma gazawar jam'iyyar McManus zai zama bala'i ga martabar Cocin Puerto Rico da ta riga ta yi rauni. A matsayina na masanin ilimin tauhidi, ina ganin cewa Cocin dole ne koyaushe ta yi Allah wadai da rashin adalci a hasken Linjila, amma ba ta da ikon yin magana a madadin wata takamaiman jam'iyyar siyasa.

Bayan Illich ya ƙi bin umarnin McManus kai tsaye na hana dukkan firistoci cin abinci tare da Gwamna Muñoz, McManus ya umarci Illich ya bar aikinsa a jami'ar, yana mai bayyana kasancewarsa a matsayin "mai haɗari ga Diocese of Ponce da cibiyoyinta."

Duk da wannan nuna rashin biyayya da kuma umarni daga Paul Francis Tanner, babban sakataren taron jin daɗin Katolika na ƙasa a wancan lokacin, wanda ya hana Illich yin duk wani muƙami a ofishin ƙungiyar na Latin Amurka, Illich ya ci gaba da goyon bayan firist mai tasiri John J. Considine, wanda ya ci gaba da matsa lamba ga Illich da ya taka rawa wajen horar da masu wa'azin cocin, yana ba da kuɗaɗen tafiye-tafiye zuwa Mexico domin Illich ya nemi wurare.

Bayan ya bar Puerto Rico, an sake shi.  Illich ya ƙaura zuwa Cuernavaca, Mexico, inda ya kafa Cibiyar Samar da Al'adu Tsakanin Al'adu (CIF) a shekarar 1961, wanda asali a matsayin cibiyar horar da masu wa'azi. Yayin da cibiyar ta ƙara yin tasiri, ta zama Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Centro (CIDOC, ko Cibiyar Takardun Al'adu), a bayyane yake cewa cibiyar bincike ce da ke ba da darussan harshe ga masu wa'azi daga Arewacin Amurka da kuma masu sa kai na shirin Alliance for Progress wanda John F. Kennedy ya fara. Illich ya bayyana cibiyar a matsayin wacce ke nuna rawar da Vatican ke takawa a shirye-shiryen ci gaba a cikin abin da ake kira Duniya ta Uku . Illich ya kalli yanayin ci gaban masana'antu a duniya da shakku, yana sukar zato da ke tattare da shirye-shiryen ci gaba. Ya bayyana irin waɗannan shirye-shirye a matsayin wani nau'i na ikon mallakar masana'antu da kuma wani aiki na "yaƙi da rayuwa". Ya nemi ya koyar da masu wa'azin bishara da Cocin ya tura kada su tilasta wa kansu al'adunsu. "A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970, CIDOC wani ɓangare ne na makarantar koyon harsuna kuma wani ɓangare kyauta ce ga masana daga ko'ina cikin Amurka." A taron CIDOC, "Illich ya sami damar haɓaka sukarsa mai ƙarfi da tasiri ga shirye-shiryen ci gaban Duniya ta Uku da wakilansu masu sabbin fuskoki: Ƙungiyar Kennedy don Ci gaba, Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya, da sauran ayyukan mishan marasa adadi waɗanda ƙasashe masu arziki, tushe, da ƙungiyoyin addini suka tsara kuma suka tsara."

Bayan shekaru goma, bincike mai zurfi daga CIDOC game da ayyukan da Cocin ke yi ya kawo ƙungiyar cikin rikici da Vatican saboda alaƙa da tauhidin 'yanci da kuma zargin Marxism. Ya fuskanci adawa daga membobin ƙungiyar Opus Dei ta yankin. An kira Illich zuwa Rome don yi masa tambayoyi, wani ɓangare na rahoton CIA . Duk da cewa Vatican ba ta same shi da laifi ko kuma ta hukunta shi ba, a lokacin ne ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da aikin firist. A shekarar 1976, an ruwaito cewa Illich ya damu da kwararar malaman jami'a da kuma illolin da ka iya biyo bayan "tsarin kafa hukuma", inda ya rufe cibiyar da izinin sauran membobin CIDOC. Da yawa daga cikin membobin sun ci gaba da makarantun koyon harsuna a Cuernavaca, wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna nan. Illich, wanda aka naɗa shi monsignor yana da shekaru 33, da kansa ya yi murabus daga aikin firist a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 amma ya ci gaba da bayyana kansa a matsayin firist kuma a wasu lokutan yana yin ibada ta sirri.

A shekarun 1970, an tattauna ra'ayoyin Illich a tsakanin masana masu ra'ayin hagu a Faransa, musamman André Gorz ya tattauna rubutunsa. Duk da haka, tasirinsa ya ragu bayan zaɓen François Mitterrand a shekarar 1981, yayin da wasu masu sharhi suka ɗauki ra'ayoyinsa a matsayin marasa bege a lokacin da ' yan hagu na Faransa suka karɓi iko a kan gwamnati.

A shekarun 1980 zuwa sama, Illich ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai, galibi yana raba lokacinsa tsakanin Amurka, Mexico, da Jamus. Ya yi alƙawarin zama Farfesa mai ziyara na Falsafa, Kimiyya, Fasaha, da Al'umma a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . Ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Bremen da Jami'ar Hagen .

A cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya yarda cewa ɗaya daga cikin masana tattalin arziki na Indiya kuma mai ba da shawara ga M. K. Gandhi, J. C. Kumarappa, musamman littafinsa, Tattalin Arzikin Dawwama .

Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa

Ivan Illich ya kira kansa "alhaji mai kuskure", "Bayahude mai yawo kuma alhaji Kirista", yayin da yake bayyana asalinsa na Dalmatian. Ya lura cewa tun bayan barin tsohon gidan kakanninsa a tsibirin Brač da ke Dalmatia, bai taɓa samun gida ba.

Illich ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2002 a Bremen, Jamus. Bai cimma burinsa na ƙarshe ba: ya mutu a kusa da abokan hulɗarsa a Bologna yayin da aka tsara masa sabuwar cibiyar koyo.

Ra'ayoyin Falsafa

Illich ya bi al'adar tauhidin apophatic . Babban jigon da ke cikin aikin Illich shine hujjarsa cewa zamani na Yamma ya gurbata koyarwar ɗabi'a ta asali ta Kiristanci ta Yamma . Ya yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Sabon Alkawari zuwa ƙa'idodin hukumomi a matsayin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, aiki, ko dokoki, da kuma kafa su, ba tare da iyaka ba, cin hanci ne da Illich ya yi cikakken bayani a cikin nazarinsa na cibiyoyin Yamma na zamani, ciki har da ilimi, agaji, da magani, da sauransu. Illich sau da yawa yana amfani da kalmar Latin Corruptio optimi quae est pessima, a cikin Turanci. Cin hanci da rashawa na mafi kyau shine mafi muni .